tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17798932441868827602024-03-17T22:02:46.630-05:00European Union Center at the University of IllinoisIllinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.comBlogger571125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-41983665089335506292024-03-08T15:28:00.023-06:002024-03-08T15:31:57.015-06:00Tomasz Kamiński: “Cities as Actors in the EU Policy Towards China” <i><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIabi84XngQjUSEq4DTFxnQ2zLLJBV-dIFMVQNYNl2Nz60QDKduuAzRkhQ-VVsGUqVEzcfpQWiWzixrW2T9M2Tet_YuGT0EcdYxNbwhd6T2U3jkCOWkDNT6RGkAMlzE8HrSKYJTkMkMWTHjoqxITaaq2Xbd4J1X4Geaha4WQZMW-WC75dkOC5b6E-RT7E/s590/Kaminski.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="590" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIabi84XngQjUSEq4DTFxnQ2zLLJBV-dIFMVQNYNl2Nz60QDKduuAzRkhQ-VVsGUqVEzcfpQWiWzixrW2T9M2Tet_YuGT0EcdYxNbwhd6T2U3jkCOWkDNT6RGkAMlzE8HrSKYJTkMkMWTHjoqxITaaq2Xbd4J1X4Geaha4WQZMW-WC75dkOC5b6E-RT7E/s320/Kaminski.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tomasz Kamiński</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table>by Kelsi Quick, Political Science PhD Student & Research Assistant at the European Union Center<br /></i><br />The European Union Center recently hosted political scientist and Associate Professor of the Department of Asian Studies at the University of Łódź, Tomasz Kamiński, for his lecture entitled “Cities as Actors in the EU Policy Towards China.” In this lecture drawing on a multitude of his previous research, Kamiński makes the argument that the European Union is majorly underutilizing cities and regions in their framework of foreign policy. Given his assertion that cities and regions are in fact vital components of relations between the EU and their non-EU partners, Kamiński advocates that the EU should do more in the future to actively utilize cities and regions as actors when it comes to implementing EU foreign policy. He explains this through the lens of ‘paradiplomacy’ and applies it to the crucial case of EU-China relations. <br /><br /><b>Paradiplomacy and Cities as Actors<br /></b><br />A vital component of Kamiński’s emphasis on cities and regions can be understood through the lens of ‘paradiplomacy,’ which argues that diplomatic-adjacent interactions occur on the subnational level between regions and cities. As a result, the power of cities and regions have grown, increasing their influence, building their power, and so on in a cycle of ever-increasing importance. Kamiński provided the audience with an example in the American context of California Governor Gavin Newsom having a formal meeting with President Xi Xinping of the People’s Republic of China. Such a meeting between a regional/substate leader and a national leader is rather rare, underlining the importance of such an event. Kamiński uses this example to highlight how impactful California — the fifth largest economy in the world — has become. The occurrence extends beyond California, with other major cities and regions becoming major global players in all aspects of policy from climate preservation initiatives to the economy. Cities and regions, Kamiński argues, already conduct influential business with cities and regions from other countries that shape relations between the two countries. Why would the EU not, then, capitalize on the capacity of subnational units to implement a more cohesive foreign policy? <br /><br /><b>The European Union and China<br /></b><br />The European Union, Kamiński argues, has not been utilizing cities and other subnational units to their maximum potential, especially when it comes to the EU’s relationship with China. He points to the fact that 2021 was the first time that the European Parliament, with their "New EU-China Strategy," mentioned the importance of coordinating policy with “regional and local actors.” China, in contrast, has been fully aware of and actively utilizing the power of subnational units for quite some time, seen most obviously in China’s Belt and Road Initiative. In China’s case, paradiplomacy is coordinated with Beijing, a level of coordination and cohesion in which the EU is sorely lacking in comparison. Drawing on extensive research done on over 400 cities between 2020-2021, Kamiński demonstrates empirically that cooperation with China is important in at least 40% of their sample, and that, in large cities especially, the importance of such a connection is standard across the EU. In order to be a better counterpart to China and to be on more level ground, Kamiński argues, the EU must work to coordinate supranational, national, and subnational policy in ways they have failed to do in the past. <br /><br /><b>Policy Implications for the EU<br /></b><br />Kamiński argues that in order for the EU to better develop paradiplomatic structures that enhance the cohesiveness of the EU’s foreign policy, whether it be with China or other partners, that purposeful, coordinating exercises must be conducted. One such suggestion is the "mapping" out of where in the EU there exists strong subnational ties with foreign countries, making explicit the connection that the EU could utilize when needed. Another suggestion is purposeful inclusion of subnational units when writing and conducting foreign policy. And lastly, Kamiński also stresses the importance of subnational units receiving funding from the EU for their cooperation and coordination in meeting foreign policy goals. One of the biggest challenges to moving forward with greater subnational integration in EU foreign policy is the "mental nationalism" framework, where a state-centric view takes over and the capacity and even the existence of subnational power is overlooked. Ultimately, Kamiński makes a compelling case that the EU needs to catch up with China in integrating subnational units in foreign policy—and they may even need to look to China to see just how to do that. <br /><div><br /></div><div><i>A recording of the lecture may be found <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kcjoc6i-_Uk" target="_blank">here</a>.</i></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-21438310431119567212023-12-06T10:15:00.000-06:002023-12-06T10:15:06.135-06:00100 Years of a Republic: The Next Chapter in Türkiye-EU Relations<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8VBgJBzN2c6U0VCFbq9AFEiQRybJCQ73jXlImA8xeYhg-H43kgBaKOSjZIyPzEGme_4WAcIXxvfkudw5EUWA4XABMj9IzJ7iRp-jSAXzSV8MK8D-YpOx3PmJfDliTZutUsZURgUrIAukFwzPKndIxwp_rI7vQog1s-2gROu86tqk_2c65Fnsv07ba348/s1280/blue-2806_1280.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1280" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8VBgJBzN2c6U0VCFbq9AFEiQRybJCQ73jXlImA8xeYhg-H43kgBaKOSjZIyPzEGme_4WAcIXxvfkudw5EUWA4XABMj9IzJ7iRp-jSAXzSV8MK8D-YpOx3PmJfDliTZutUsZURgUrIAukFwzPKndIxwp_rI7vQog1s-2gROu86tqk_2c65Fnsv07ba348/s320/blue-2806_1280.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;">Photo by </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;">Pixabay</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;">(</span>https://pixabay.com/photos/blue-country-europe-european-union-2806/)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">by Eylül Begüm Sağlam,</span></i></b><b style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> PhD student in Political Science and a 2023-24 Research Assistant at the European Union Center</span></i></b></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alongside the
pre-Republic shift towards more Westernization, enlightenment and modernity in
the Ottoman era<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
the early diplomatic history of Türkiye-EU relations could be dated back to Türkiye’s
application for association with European Economic Community (EEC) on 31 July
1959.<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> As
the country celebrates its hundredth-year anniversary, Türkiye-EU relations deserve
a fresh analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A European
Country in the Middle East?: The Early Days of Türkiye-EU Relations<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Domestic politics have been seen as
a “significant barrier” for Türkiye’s accession to the EU since the early days of
the negotiations.<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
On September 12, 1963, Türkiye and the EEC signed the Ankara Agreement, establishing
“the legal basis of association.”<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
Additional Protocol of 13 November 1970 could be regarded as a step from preparation
to transition.<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Although the country applied for full membership in 1987, it was not until the Helsinki
European Council’s meeting in December 1999 that Türkiye became a candidate
country, which could be regarded as a transformation from a vicious cycle kind
of relationship to a virtuous one.<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
shift could be interpreted as a change of relations from unresolved chains of
disputes on how to proceed with expectations on both sides to willingness to apply
particular criteria (e.g., the paced negotiation process on the EU part, and expected
socio-economic changes in the domestic realm on the Türkiye part) on both sides.<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Accession to
Suspension: An In-Between Türkiye<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Even
if negotiations for accession started in 2005, Türkiye has continued to have a
shaky relationship with the EU.<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The low point came in the post-2016 period, when negotiations were suspended following
two resolutions shared by the EU in November 2016 and July 2017, respectively.<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Scholars
have pointed to various factors in explaining the deterioration of relations
between Türkiye and the EU, including the rise of populism, anti-Muslim sentiments,
the changing dynamics of refugee influx, and Türkiye’s de-secularization as
well as de-Europeanization.<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Eventually,
the Türkiye-EU relationship transformed from an accession-oriented position to
a “strategic partnership,”<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
where Türkiye’s role has been mostly conceptualized as securing the EU with
regards to refugee flows coming beyond EU borders.<i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Those Were the Days?:
The Future of Strategic Partnership<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Even
if accession does not look as promising as it did in the heydays of the 1999
Helsinki Summit, it is possible to interpret the EU-Türkiye dynamic as an
ongoing question. It is difficult to foresee how this relationship will evolve
in time, however, one could not deny that both sides will at least stick to
their strategic partnership in various issues from immigration to securitization,
considering the long-lasting history of the EU-Türkiye relationship. Türkiye
still remains as an essential regional partner for the EU, so does the EU for
Türkiye. Immigration will not only be a salient issue in terms of the
immigrants who are currently hosted in Türkiye, but also be an essential
mediator of this bond with regards to the increasing number of Turkish
immigrants in Europe. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</p><div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <a name="_Hlk152598848">Önis, Ziya </a>and Suhnaz Yilmaz. “The Turkey-EU-US
Triangle in Perspective: Transformation or Continuity?.” <i>Middle East Journal
</i>59, no. 2 (2005): 267.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><a name="_Hlk152597401"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Directorate for EU Affairs. “History of Türkiye- EU Relations.” Accessed
November 14, 2023, </span></a><a href="https://www.ab.gov.tr/111_en.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">https://www.ab.gov.tr/111_en.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Öniş, Ziya.
“Luxembourg, Helsinki and Beyond: Towards an Interpretation of Recent Turkey-EU
Relations.” <i>Government and Opposition</i> 35, no. 4 (2000): 465.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <a name="_Hlk152598018">Directorate for EU Affairs. “History of Türkiye- EU
Relations.” Accessed November 14, 2023, </a><a href="https://www.ab.gov.tr/111_en.html">https://www.ab.gov.tr/111_en.html</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Directorate
for EU Affairs. “History of Türkiye- EU Relations.” Accessed November 14, 2023,
<a href="https://www.ab.gov.tr/111_en.html">https://www.ab.gov.tr/111_en.html</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <a name="_Hlk152601456">Öniş, Ziya. </a>“Turkey-EU Relations: Beyond the Current
Stalemate.” <i>Insight Turkey</i> 10, no. 4 (2008): 37-38.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ibid.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Müftüler-Baç,
Meltem. “Remolding The Turkey-EU Relationship.” <i>Turkish Policy Quarterly</i>
17, no. 1 (2018): 120.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Kaya, Ayhan.
“Right-wing populism and Islamophobism in Europe and their impact on Turkey–EU
relations.” <i>Turkish Studies</i> 21, no.1 (2020): 11.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/f5256766a8e62475/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/OKULUM/European%20Union%20Center/Blog%20Post/Revizyon/Eylul%20Blog%20Post%20-%20Turkiye%20.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Saatçioğlu, Beken. “The European Union’s
refugee crisis and rising functionalism in EU-Turkey relations.” <i>Turkish
Studies</i> 21, no.2 (2020): 170-171.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div><div><div id="ftn11">
</div>
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</p><div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<br /><div id="ftn11">
</div>
</div><div><div id="ftn11">
</div>
</div><div><div id="ftn11">
</div>
</div><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
</div>
</div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-68572388801284671162023-11-15T16:16:00.000-06:002023-11-15T16:16:49.516-06:00EU Center at the Multicultural Night of Leal Elementary School<p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcVc4wXRIkj9NyitnAP_fLc1M89aCadPwoZrZ-vVF9P0VRO0rv_vVzJuBavU0B-jxkbFS-KtZklSj2kNGAqayjoxwwiz-WIh9LePtDqrfJudr8uU0YZq_a-UwjiZEHHpk1i0TTwUOeyV2GSmE8ONxHy36vsin2DE7mJ2skMnmbXZmKPfDF86XBjlchOxQ/s4032/Multicultural%20Night.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcVc4wXRIkj9NyitnAP_fLc1M89aCadPwoZrZ-vVF9P0VRO0rv_vVzJuBavU0B-jxkbFS-KtZklSj2kNGAqayjoxwwiz-WIh9LePtDqrfJudr8uU0YZq_a-UwjiZEHHpk1i0TTwUOeyV2GSmE8ONxHy36vsin2DE7mJ2skMnmbXZmKPfDF86XBjlchOxQ/s320/Multicultural%20Night.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">by Eylül Begüm Sağlam,</span></i></b><b style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> PhD student in Political Science and a 2023-24 Research Assistant at the European Union Center</span></i></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">On November 14th, 2023 (from 6pm to 7:30pm), the EU Center participated in the Multicultural Night of Leal Elementary School. The Multicultural Night included many activities to familiarize students with different cultures in the world, from being introduced to different alphabets to meeting various traditions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The event hosted many different Illinois Global Institute members, including but not limited to Center for African Studies, Center for South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. Every center had their own activity to contribute to the multicultural aspect of the event.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The EU Center was represented by the EU Center Research Assistant Eylul Begum Saglam. As a part of the Multicultural Night, the EU Center organized guessing the flag game, which included forty European countries (including the EU member states, EEA countries, candidate countries and potential candidates). Students chose a flag and tried to guess which country the respective flag belongs to. Regardless of their answer, all students who participated in the guessing game received symbolic travel stamps on their symbolic passports. </p><div><br /></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-61951852803557492712023-11-13T14:00:00.052-06:002023-11-13T14:09:08.846-06:00TED Global STEM Conference Brings Together Educators from 16 Countries, 18 U.S. States<div><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqYc8gaXObZAPX6wMsSSsB-6stAf_rgWux-_C3CSlNocQHkzmfROO37zeGbzGP7y6ePbdBVf16T66FQ5cPvKnBihVTsKlxGLeeYwm_un0OjGKISwxwGs576M_pF2Szv33cH1EEm4VXWt8Q7FiPkiiHktsG0pLvZIENONlZUGo1A2IHD6vmFyeMQ5le0Is/s1267/Screen%20Shot%202023-11-05%20at%2010.13.36%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="589" data-original-width="1267" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqYc8gaXObZAPX6wMsSSsB-6stAf_rgWux-_C3CSlNocQHkzmfROO37zeGbzGP7y6ePbdBVf16T66FQ5cPvKnBihVTsKlxGLeeYwm_un0OjGKISwxwGs576M_pF2Szv33cH1EEm4VXWt8Q7FiPkiiHktsG0pLvZIENONlZUGo1A2IHD6vmFyeMQ5le0Is/w400-h186/Screen%20Shot%202023-11-05%20at%2010.13.36%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div>By Dr. Rhett Oldham, moderator of the Transatlantic Educators Dialogue (TED) program</i></div><div><br /></div>One of my favorite aspects of being the moderator of the Transatlantic Educators Dialogue (TED) program is how many talented educators I get to interact with during each cohort. Each teacher brings a growth mindset and incredible curiosity to the group, so it was no surprise when Sara Leisten brought up an idea that needed to be explored. Sara, a biology teacher from Connecticut and TED 2023 alum, noticed that most of the collaborations between American and European teachers revolved around social studies and language topics. So she suggested that TED create a platform for STEM educators to meet, discuss global collaboration possibilities, and bring in keynote speakers to provide in-depth analysis of topics in STEM. The TED Global STEM Conference was born!<br /><br />On November 5, 2023, STEM educators from 16 countries and 18 U.S. states signed up to come together and discuss best practices in STEM education and ways to collaborate globally. The lineup of keynote speakers was simply outstanding:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Thomas Leisten has worked as a mathematics teacher in Glastonbury, Connecticut for more than 15 years and is a 2023 state finalist for the Presidential Award for Excellence in Math and Science Teaching. Thomas is a doctoral candidate at the American College of Education, focusing on curriculum and instruction with a specialty in instructional leadership. His professional interests include developing authentic and engaging collaborative activities that challenge students to apply critical thinking skills in diverse and interdisciplinary situations</li><li>Nuria Muñoz is a physics and chemistry teacher and the headmistress in a school in Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain. She is on the board of a STEM teacher association called DIVERCIENCIA that organizes an international science fair and many other STEM activities every school year. She is also on the board of a specialized group of didactics and history of physics and chemistry. She belongs to the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry and serves as the Spanish ambassador for Science on Stage. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaD_muv0SJxEpr-T27s88TQnN94SFn9ub4JxQvkwVXEFXDH1hPVuBrK5r_zfLlyo2kYphptWb6WRoBFPMPgZc2CNrejoxf8aUG6OGx9aJEpf_2MnCDBbQbRLClYC-iiTLuanheOEABivVGgc65hjq7oCXvJtGRBLq05Zafi_O8eGHxWEOPse7TM4JDY4I/s1274/Screen%20Shot%202023-11-05%20at%2010.29.12%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="596" data-original-width="1274" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaD_muv0SJxEpr-T27s88TQnN94SFn9ub4JxQvkwVXEFXDH1hPVuBrK5r_zfLlyo2kYphptWb6WRoBFPMPgZc2CNrejoxf8aUG6OGx9aJEpf_2MnCDBbQbRLClYC-iiTLuanheOEABivVGgc65hjq7oCXvJtGRBLq05Zafi_O8eGHxWEOPse7TM4JDY4I/w400-h188/Screen%20Shot%202023-11-05%20at%2010.29.12%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div></li><li>Marco Nicolini teaches mathematics and physics at Liceo Scientifico Statale "A.Tassoni" in Modena, Italy, and he teaches astronomy at the Planetario di Modena. He also works with Science on Stage, an organization in Europe focusing on forming collaborations between students in different countries.</li><li>Dr. Michael Tissenbaum is an associate professor of curriculum and instruction and educational psychology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He studies how digital games, simulations, and augmented and mobile technologies can transform physical spaces into immersive, engaging, and embodied learning environments. This work has shown how the interplay between physical space, technology, and data representations can provide learners with unique opportunities to set their own learning goals and collaborate with peers. These findings have had important implications for understanding open-ended exploratory collaboration. Mike uses this data to develop new forms of real-time support for both teachers and learners.</li><li>Dr. Janice Gobert is a professor of learning sciences and educational psychology in the Graduate School of Education at Rutgers University. Her work focuses on developing technology for learning that makes use of AI, including data mining and eye tracking. She is an esteemed science education expert with over 25 years of experience who has executed over $25 million in federal research funding. She has spearheaded and oversees the research and development of Inq-ITS.</li></ul>What made this conference so unique was the format. After the keynote speakers presented, conference attendees went to one of five breakout rooms led by the keynote speakers to participate in a deeper dive of the topics presented. That process was then repeated. During the final rotation, participants moved to a breakout room based on the ages of the students they teach for further discussion. <div><br /></div><div><div>Overall, the TED Global STEM Conference was a great time with outstanding collaboration from participants and keynote speakers alike. It would not have been possible without the hard work and vision of Sara Leisten and the global vision of the Transatlantic Educator Dialogue.</div></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-41977093735341674002023-11-09T13:00:00.000-06:002023-11-09T13:04:02.481-06:00U.S.-German Forum Future Agriculture Cohort Publishes Policy Recommendations on Climate Change and Arable Farming<i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbBKGH6558119PP9LJ5fp-qPPOjqT1g8KBUc8rlCML4vMx0wcP7hTYlLj2WzEDrDRlBo8H8Wx-c9DadbNjLZCqz9LjhrvEVdt-HDq3z0APwpc_-o9gX-8Ie8DrNJec0OqJXSodLjxq7w7mvR4XjuU7PwvUbxpHKSDi4Bn38WSomOhwLV7S0acm2vPHgh4/s768/DSC_3282-2-768x513.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="513" data-original-width="768" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbBKGH6558119PP9LJ5fp-qPPOjqT1g8KBUc8rlCML4vMx0wcP7hTYlLj2WzEDrDRlBo8H8Wx-c9DadbNjLZCqz9LjhrvEVdt-HDq3z0APwpc_-o9gX-8Ie8DrNJec0OqJXSodLjxq7w7mvR4XjuU7PwvUbxpHKSDi4Bn38WSomOhwLV7S0acm2vPHgh4/s320/DSC_3282-2-768x513.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>By Neal Benjamin, PhD student studying ecology, evolution, and conservation biology at the University of Illinois and a graduate assistant working with the Aspen Institute Germany</i><br /><br /> The U.S.-German Forum Future Agriculture has completed the exchange of its first cohort, which focused on climate change and its impact on arable/row crop agriculture. The project which is coordinated by the Aspen Institute Germany in partnership with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign brought together 16 German and American farmers and other key stakeholders from Eastern Germany and the U.S. Midwest for a yearlong exchange which included virtual and in-person meetings. These regions in both countries are characterized by extensive row crop agriculture and face similar challenges related to climate change. <div><br /></div><div>To cap off the year, the group has developed extensive policy recommendations related to climate change and arable farming for both their respective countries as well as further transatlantic cooperation. The project was supported by the Transatlantic Program of the Federal Republic of Germany, funded by the European Recovery Program of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action.<div><br />These recommendations are a guide for improving climate resilience, mitigating climate change, and balancing sustainability and productivity in agriculture and rural regions generally. Their recommendations are divided into three main sections, each focusing on a different aspect of agriculture and climate change. The first section discusses the challenges that farmers face due to climate change and provides recommendations for improving climate resilience at the national and transatlantic levels. The second section focuses on how agriculture can be used to mitigate the effects of climate change and protect natural resources. The third section discusses the importance of balancing the social, economic, and environmental sustainability of agriculture and rural regions. </div><div><br /></div><div>These recommendations are a consensus of the group and reflect the diverse personal experiences, expertise, ideas, and opinions of each participant. This guide will serve as a valuable resource for anyone interested in improving climate resilience, mitigating climate change, and balancing sustainability in agriculture and rural regions. Moreover, it provides practical recommendations that can be implemented at the national and transatlantic levels to help farmers adapt to the challenges of climate change and protect natural resources.<br /><br />The completion of the first cohort of the U.S.-German Forum Future Agriculture and the policy recommendations developed by the group are significant steps towards promoting sustainable agriculture and addressing the current and coming challenges of ongoing climate change. The project's success is a testament to the importance of international cooperation in addressing global challenges and shaping the future of agriculture, and it sets a positive precedent for future transatlantic collaborations in the field. We invite anyone interested in these important conversations to <a href="https://www.aspeninstitute.de/wp-content/uploads/Final_Onlineversion_Future-Agriculture-Publication-2.pdf">click here</a> to view the policy recommendations in their entirety (approx. 20 minute read) and to share within your networks.</div></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-65369016965960566512023-11-09T10:00:00.000-06:002023-11-09T10:38:46.872-06:00Ukraine’s Sacrifice Paves Way for EU Membership Negotiations<i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqmy-e4lz3ifrlu98TBLqY06JUvMw59OCjeqCuHlHhTnWY1GHWiPWuv7HBf1PQRN7FFsHkmaDRVHgBtn-Nly48TJ0HKhcqp0HtaNIkdX4YLRHBNwxjljOAUZg_uuxlo0IGoeHUpAVUP-k8D9r7YgSRisryuYy7z4P6YPHiN7cwhCmUCRYmjG3gLdIG1ak/s640/640px-Euromaidan_01.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="640" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqmy-e4lz3ifrlu98TBLqY06JUvMw59OCjeqCuHlHhTnWY1GHWiPWuv7HBf1PQRN7FFsHkmaDRVHgBtn-Nly48TJ0HKhcqp0HtaNIkdX4YLRHBNwxjljOAUZg_uuxlo0IGoeHUpAVUP-k8D9r7YgSRisryuYy7z4P6YPHiN7cwhCmUCRYmjG3gLdIG1ak/s320/640px-Euromaidan_01.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>By Markian Dobczansky, Associate Director, European Union Center<br /></i><br />“We have sacrificed a lot for this,” <a href="https://x.com/mefimus/status/1722355917000229347?s=20">wrote Mustafa Nayyem</a>, the Afghan-born Ukrainian journalist and politician, on November 8. On that day, the European Commission issued its <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_5633">2023 Enlargement package</a>, which recommended that the EU begin membership negotiations with Ukraine. In doing so, the EU’s executive agency recognized the country’s progress in implementing substantial reforms of its judicial institutions, curbing the influence of oligarchs, and investigating corruption.<br /><br />Ukraine’s path toward the EU can be traced back to the Euromaidan protests. Nearly ten years ago, the Ukrainian government under Viktor Yanukovych backed out of signing an Association Agreement with the EU. In protest of this reversal, Nayyem wrote <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2017.16">a Facebook post</a> calling people onto Kyiv’s Independence Square. This touched off what came to be known as the <a href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/ukraines-maidan-russias-war/9783838213279">Revolution of Dignity</a>. Police violence took the lives of dozens of protesters before Yanukovych lost control of the situation and fled the country. Russia’s subsequent annexation of Crimea and the war in the Donbas indeed imposed a high cost on Ukraine.<br /><br />In spite of that cost, the EU remained hesitant to offer Ukraine full membership after the revolution. It quickly signed an Association Agreement with the new government in March 2014, but it did not fundamentally revise its enlargement policy, leaving Ukraine without a membership perspective. The door to the EU remained closed.<br /><br />Russia’s full-scale invasion in February 2022 changed the picture entirely. European publics and policymakers rallied around Ukraine. In June 2022, the <a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/06/24/european-council-conclusions-23-24-june-2022/">European Council unanimously granted</a> Ukraine and neighboring Moldova candidate status. Less than eighteen months later, the Commission now recommends that the Council begin membership negotiations with both countries. <br /><br />Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, said, “Completing our Union is the call of history, the natural horizon of our Union.” The strong rhetoric is a rejoinder to Europeans suffering from <a href="https://news.yahoo.com/eu-may-see-putin-lookalikes-050001957.html">enlargement fatigue</a>. It is also a reminder of the Commission’s purpose of representing the interests of the EU as a whole and using its executive power to coordinate the policies of member-states. Its recommendation now moves the action to the Council, the institution in which member-state interests are most strongly represented. European unity is likely to be <a href="https://kyivindependent.com/hungary-claims-ukraine-not-ready-for-eu-membership/">tested</a> in negotiating Ukraine’s accession. Moreover, membership does not proceed along a pre-set schedule and much will depend on Ukraine’s continued reforms.<br /><br />The Commission’s Enlargement package contains opinions about the membership prospects of other countries too, from Albania to Türkiye. Yet Ukraine stands out among them as a country fighting a war for its national survival while simultaneously pushing for membership in the EU. Along with liberating its territory still under occupation, Ukrainians see membership in the EU as a key war aim, one that gives meaning to their enormous sacrifices over the last ten years. Having committed itself to Ukraine so strongly, the stakes are also high for the EU.Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-38205125191899020522023-10-25T11:00:00.003-05:002023-10-25T11:25:13.178-05:00 “How Democracies Die" and What Does It Have to Do With Europe?: The Democracy Summit Keynote Lecture Recap & The European Context<p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="background-color: white;"></span></i></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwk-VwxnZjWKKWDkuuXzQtiiwKSj6-xtZmeqyjAPH5q4h8f9ZBnJJpP-QKNW2IBg4l70VclXS7m5KCiIYvh_qT0BVapaCsIllyjGyovavtwto019tCXD5ZmNGxuflIUElGQDRn5a4fPdqJw2kXcEIGANUYU6r-MxuZ_ftdllnjHRa8O6aqRiAIpSuv2ho/s1000/713m6K4+W3L._AC_UF1000,1000_QL80_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="662" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwk-VwxnZjWKKWDkuuXzQtiiwKSj6-xtZmeqyjAPH5q4h8f9ZBnJJpP-QKNW2IBg4l70VclXS7m5KCiIYvh_qT0BVapaCsIllyjGyovavtwto019tCXD5ZmNGxuflIUElGQDRn5a4fPdqJw2kXcEIGANUYU6r-MxuZ_ftdllnjHRa8O6aqRiAIpSuv2ho/s320/713m6K4+W3L._AC_UF1000,1000_QL80_.jpg" width="212" /></a></span></i></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="background-color: white;">by </span><span style="background-color: white;">Kelsi Quick, </span></i><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic;">Political Science PhD Student & Research Assistant at the European Union Center</span></span><p></p><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: 700;">The Democracy Summit ft. Dr. Daniel Ziblatt</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">On the evening of October 23, 2023, the Student Affairs Office of Civic Life at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign hosted Dr. Daniel Ziblatt of Harvard University for the keynote lecture kicking off the week-long “Democracy Summit” centering recent American experiences of democracy with the aim of fostering civic engagement. Dr. Ziblatt, who is the Eaton Professor of the Science of Government at Harvard University as well as co-author of the bestselling book “How Democracies Die,” invited the audience of Monday night’s lecture to examine democracy with him, as well as to ask deeper questions about where America is headed if serious action is not taken to salvage our democracy.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>While questions about the health and quality of democracy have been asked with increasing levels of concern over the past several years, the focus of Ziblatt’s lecture drew primarily from his new book, again co-authored with Steven Levitsky. Titled </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Tyranny of the Minority: Why American Democracy Reached the Breaking Point</span><span>, the book </span><span>focuses on the specific institutional challenges that struggle to adequately accommodate the multiracial society that America has become. Ziblatt began the keynote lecture by confronting the audience with a stark reality: the objective quality of American democracy has decreased (per Freedom House scores), and our society is in a particularly vulnerable place as democracy is pushed to its breaking point by institutions that become less a facilitator of freedom and more of an excessive constraint. Murmurs of assent could be heard throughout the audience as Ziblatt touched on a truth that resonated with audience members across generations.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>What is the biggest challenge to America’s democracy today, then? Ziblatt reassured the audience that he intends to be as nonpartisan as possible when he says that one of the major threats to America’s democracy is the radicalization of the far-right wing of the Republican party and the institutions that protect and enable them to prevent the passage of policy supported by the majority of Americans. As in all things, context matters. Historically, the institutional structure of American democracy did work for the purposes of a homogeneous portion of the population, but as our democracy becomes much more inclusive, multiracial, and heterogeneous, consensus across broad groups becomes ever more crucial. When institutional structures and/or norms such as the Electoral College, Senate filibuster, life appointment for Supreme Court justices, and lack of a retirement age for politicians are countermajoritarian in form and practice, </span><span>our democracy’s lack of responsiveness to the popular will is revealed. If anything is to be done to prevent the continued deterioration and possible failure of American democracy, Ziblatt argues that changing these institutional structures is a great place to start.</span></span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: 700;">What Does It Have to Do With Europe?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>While it’s true that Ziblatt’s lecture focused largely on democracy in the specific context of American institutions, many of the themes discussed can also be observed in the European context today. In his lecture, Ziblatt discussed radicalization in the Republican party being driven by a backlash of (largely) white men who experience a perceived loss in status as a result of demographic changes in society. The same trend has been observed in Europe. In a 2019 book entitled </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism</span><span>, political scientists Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart find that authoritarian populism in America and Europe can be observed in the “Interwar generation, non-college graduates, working class, white Europeans, the more religious, men, and residents of rural communities” (p. 15). The rise of far-right radical populist parties all across Europe further demonstrates this trend: Viktor Orbán and the Fidesz party in Hungary, the Alternative für Deutschland party in Germany, the Law & Justice Party in Poland, and the Sweden Democrats, among others, are examples of this trend.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">But institutions are built differently in Europe. Parliamentary structures, term limits, mandatory ages for retirement, multi-party and proportional representation, and the lack of electoral colleges make democracy in Europe, if not a different game from that of the Americans, at least the same game but with different rules. Can we, then, learn something from the European experiences?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: 700;">In Defense of Hope</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">But maybe, just maybe, there’s something to be learned from Europe’s experience with handling far-right radical populist parties. There may be institutional models to study and learn from as Americans fight to change current institutions to make them more responsive to citizens. After all, America began the modern-day experiment with democracy, and Europe followed along. Maybe this time, it’s time for America to learn from their European partners. As Ziblatt pointed out, Norway has the world’s second-oldest constitution and it has been amended 316 times; the U.S. constitution has been amended only 27 times. Maybe a bit of change wouldn’t be so bad.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Major social movements have led to amendments in the American constitution in the past, and they certainly could again. While Ziblatt stressed that the situation of American democracy is dire, there is still room for hope. The idea that the situation is unsalvageable is what kills democracy, Ziblatt argued. Ziblatt ended with the importance of hope—and the message to become involved in democracy. Run for office, fight for change, and keep engaging with democracy. Democracy won’t be able to fight for us if we don’t find it worth fighting for first.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Works Cited</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Levitsky, S., & Ziblatt, D. (2018). </span><span style="font-style: italic;">How democracies die</span><span>. Crown, an imprint of Crown Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Levitsky, S., & Ziblatt, D. (2023). </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Tyranny of the minority</span><span>. Crown, an imprint of Crown Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Norris, P., Inglehart, R. (2019). Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. India: Cambridge University Press.</span></p></div></div></div></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-52103959750751755442023-10-10T14:49:00.001-05:002023-10-10T14:55:46.547-05:00 Interlaced: Weaving Art and Stories Together<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmzcXaCapOgOY-iTuK5K1FxhH7uLB0oVNgxDWJExxxoqCKexp8Y1MgSRUju0v4v8xy0Bbt9aKB40DbPekuX4BU44SZ3mrjPhxAp3Rab8zGz0QkiCtuIlXB_ziWE9BZkSpkI_vj4Oe0s97PpGh325DAWrUjveKyzanuh2M2GR7H91EFOyaeuIEAV9NqGaM/s1920/thumbnail_IMG_9882.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmzcXaCapOgOY-iTuK5K1FxhH7uLB0oVNgxDWJExxxoqCKexp8Y1MgSRUju0v4v8xy0Bbt9aKB40DbPekuX4BU44SZ3mrjPhxAp3Rab8zGz0QkiCtuIlXB_ziWE9BZkSpkI_vj4Oe0s97PpGh325DAWrUjveKyzanuh2M2GR7H91EFOyaeuIEAV9NqGaM/s320/thumbnail_IMG_9882.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><i>by Chiara Vincenzi, Clinical Assistant Professor, School of Art & Design</i><br /><br />Between September 18 and 22, we had the privilege of hosting George A. Miller Visiting Artist Patrizia Polese on our campus. This residency was made possible through the support of the School of Art & Design, the European Union Center, and the Center for Advanced Study.<br /><br />During her visit, Polese conducted a three-day weaving workshop that was open to both the campus and the local community. The workshop provided an opportunity to dive headfirst into the world of textile art and encouraged participants to weave together personal stories.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlWqIq-Sv_O3QuT7oS6ldY2xmEWQeYNZ8yLb93tRN0QyVS9qPgRFEOhoOb1i9LH4QI0Gbrz9DdzJkS40w8t0yQlsiMLVn-Ufsj9J4ueI_KCykBji6qydiDE5TrakY-F7eAEW831bCg4e7BWdSpMXJEImGxbIckuo-2w9wyPgnkR8iTFQk58G7S0mUbtms/s2560/thumbnail_IMG_5876.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2560" data-original-width="1920" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlWqIq-Sv_O3QuT7oS6ldY2xmEWQeYNZ8yLb93tRN0QyVS9qPgRFEOhoOb1i9LH4QI0Gbrz9DdzJkS40w8t0yQlsiMLVn-Ufsj9J4ueI_KCykBji6qydiDE5TrakY-F7eAEW831bCg4e7BWdSpMXJEImGxbIckuo-2w9wyPgnkR8iTFQk58G7S0mUbtms/w300-h400/thumbnail_IMG_5876.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><br />Under Polese’s expert guidance, participants embarked on a creative journey exploring the art of weaving. Participants were equipped with looms, personal objects, and a vibrant array of materials dyed with colored tissue paper on cotton canvas. Each tapestry they created became a canvas for personal expression, offering a glimpse into their unique stories and perspectives.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgazHVuT8gYlqeZiHvNqYUGibM-_3TUd9PWXg2WqWd3LVmyHKPKjwbN8z0kNlcLnkJSe3hahyeusozodGaKJGtDsKB8yYyq2nT6BieMJp-_P3c4HhB8ZsY_vk9fkIJxbXL-P15nQC6A2rhPtLI8U8e5C-LgynyVNpEofkz0t-H1QfzQGWDt10AyEi06rbg/s2560/thumbnail_IMG_6027.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2560" data-original-width="1920" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgazHVuT8gYlqeZiHvNqYUGibM-_3TUd9PWXg2WqWd3LVmyHKPKjwbN8z0kNlcLnkJSe3hahyeusozodGaKJGtDsKB8yYyq2nT6BieMJp-_P3c4HhB8ZsY_vk9fkIJxbXL-P15nQC6A2rhPtLI8U8e5C-LgynyVNpEofkz0t-H1QfzQGWDt10AyEi06rbg/s320/thumbnail_IMG_6027.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><br />"Interlaced" served as a platform for participants to share their stories using the language of textiles. Polese's expertise served as a guiding light, helping participants translate their thoughts and emotions into tangible art. Through the interplay of threads and colors, these tapestries became vibrant reflections of life stories, cultural influences, and personal experiences. Throughout the workshop, participants were encouraged to embrace natural fibers, textile waste, and unconventional materials, transforming them into meaningful pieces of art. <br /><br />At the end of the three-day workshop, all the individual tapestries were connected together to create a large woven piece that features a communal narrative. <br /><br />This collaborative woven piece is now on exhibition at the Siebel Center for Design until December 6.Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-70699039436865624592023-10-06T17:01:00.006-05:002023-10-06T17:08:21.031-05:00HOPE AMID POLARIZATION: POLITICS OF VOLLEYBALL IN TÜRKİYE<p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja70B2RgbMJXmthjEELPYCcvxsAyMKh1QIniekqkTnM-SLc2KFtO9Dlz3HJCRhXmLQuBjkVd2x6ZaMTqMwLBHyYCEUvrFW1Alk8hkmNbPvBjql7-hBF8n_82yYXtRX5YtpRguvVSmewQeme2-qa3Go4QQb5ejuOgmyz6hLgTWRfwuZ5JCUFN_c5KyyOKQ/s1024/Karakurt_2023.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="558" data-original-width="1024" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja70B2RgbMJXmthjEELPYCcvxsAyMKh1QIniekqkTnM-SLc2KFtO9Dlz3HJCRhXmLQuBjkVd2x6ZaMTqMwLBHyYCEUvrFW1Alk8hkmNbPvBjql7-hBF8n_82yYXtRX5YtpRguvVSmewQeme2-qa3Go4QQb5ejuOgmyz6hLgTWRfwuZ5JCUFN_c5KyyOKQ/w400-h217/Karakurt_2023.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />Photo shared by Ebrar Karakurt on Instagram (<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/Cwv9LEjICYQ/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==">@ebrarkarakurt18</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></i></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">by Eylül Begüm Sağlam, PhD student in
Political Science and a 2023-24 Research Assistant at the European Union Center<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Türkiye’s
women’s national volleyball team had crowning achievements in this season by
gaining consecutive victories in both<a name="_Hlk147142772"> </a><a name="_Hlk147496094"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk147142772;">the FIVB
Volleyball Women's World Championship </span></a>and <a name="_Hlk147142571">the
Women's European Volleyball Championship</a>. As the team reached the top in
the FIVB Women’s Volleyball World Ranking, reactions to these victories by the
public were twofold: on the one hand, the women’s team received considerable
recognition; on the other hand, these victories have been debated within the
context of an alleged clash between Islamic values and the LGBTIQ+ community.
This blog aims to elaborate on the politicization of volleyball and why it is
essential for understanding politics in Türkiye.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Origins of the Story:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">To
run the tape back, the first considerable tension arose following the 2020
Olympic Games. One of the youngest players on the volleyball team, Ebrar
Karakurt, known as the opposite hitter at the 2020 Olympics, shared a photo
with her then-girlfriend on social media. Though not openly stated by her,
Karakurt’s sexual orientation has been a topic of debate by many on social
media which then turned into a smear campaign against the player. Following
several successive victories of the women’s national volleyball team in 2023,
this issue gained more traction when Karakurt replied to a critical comment she
received on social media. Because the owner of the critical comment was portraying
himself as “Abdul Hamid II,” one of the late-era Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
and a symbolic figure for the proponents of Islamic Ottoman nostalgia,
Karakurt’s reply was perceived as an attack against national and religious
values in the country. Though the hatred seems to circle around Karakurt and
her sexual orientation, it also stems from other criticisms toward the
volleyball team such as the clothing of the women during matches or on the
other side, criticisms related to the withholding the praise the team deserved
as the heroes of such a huge accomplishment compared to many other men’s national teams. One instance of these debates emerged when team members flew on an
economy class flight after their Women's European Volleyball Championship. As many members of the women’s national volleyball team attributed the latest victories
to the founder of the Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who became a unifying symbol
for many of the proponents of a secular state, the issue extended beyond that
of a national victory and instead became yet another topic widening the gulf between
the </span><span lang="TR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">secular and religious camps</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> in Türkiye.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Why is Volleyball Political:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There
are three main reasons why women’s volleyball gets political in the context of
Türkiye. Firstly, volleyball is one of the few sports which does not
necessarily incorporate a socio-economic barrier: it is enjoyed by a wide array
of socio-economic backgrounds, and mostly accessible to girls coming from poor
households. Second, the international prominence of the women’s volleyball team
opens up new avenues for Türkiye’s cultural image to evolve in a more secular
and European direction. This also helps explain why Türkiye’s victory in the
Women's European Volleyball Championship received more media coverage than the
FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship. This victory was also an extra
validation of success such that receiving a gold medal in the FIVB Volleyball
Women's World Championship could not be reduced to a coincidence by critics.
Furthermore, the amount of attention paid by the people and domestic media to the
Women's European Volleyball Championship was a signal of embracement of European
identity as well as locating Türkiye’s socio-cultural belongingness to Europe in
a regional sense. Lastly, the representation of LGBTIQ+ identities that took
place in the persona of Ebrar Karakurt opened another arena for discussing
queer politics in a wider realm which had been largely left on the shelf after
Türkiye’s withdrawal from the </span><span lang="TR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">İs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tanbul Convention.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hope and Volleyball: Where to Next?<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Despite
the polarizing debates surrounding the team, the consecutive victories of Türkiye’s
women’s national volleyball team were celebrated all around the country, even
watched from the big screens put on the streets, for the successes of the
national women’s volleyball team means more than a mere professional victory. Their
victories introduced a glimpse of hope, albeit miniscule, for providing unity
in an already polarized country. The days ahead will show whether this glimpse
will turn into a crystal-clear view for Türkiye or not. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">REFERENCES:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Karakurt, Ebrar (@ebrarkarakurt18). 2023. "</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Herkesi böyle kucaklıyorum.
Birleşerek kazanacağız, ayrışarak değil." Instagram photo, September 3, 2023. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">https://www.instagram.com/p/Cwv9LEjICYQ/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==</span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="TR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><br /></p>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-8473852182014097082023-09-18T16:17:00.002-05:002023-09-18T16:18:33.015-05:00What’s Up in the EU?: Ursula von der Leyen’s State of the Union Address to the EU<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ6VNSjGxTU_w9kO7dz2qBx1iUFGeGDg_0Gy-2k8T8vuEOVagkJiYJlgNCkPxIL0kSYWU7OXmBEPb-KJgQ73TD8ovrc86ltowSdiXtqvxT7J4iOC-CPxTcvd9hqT4y7rigQBm0_4bJXv9EOvydgHCno0tjW0FyXGRxzymsEYxChbQ-wiayX6OW1RiXUgY/s1408/Screen%20Shot%202023-09-18%20at%2016.15.05.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1408" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ6VNSjGxTU_w9kO7dz2qBx1iUFGeGDg_0Gy-2k8T8vuEOVagkJiYJlgNCkPxIL0kSYWU7OXmBEPb-KJgQ73TD8ovrc86ltowSdiXtqvxT7J4iOC-CPxTcvd9hqT4y7rigQBm0_4bJXv9EOvydgHCno0tjW0FyXGRxzymsEYxChbQ-wiayX6OW1RiXUgY/s320/Screen%20Shot%202023-09-18%20at%2016.15.05.png" width="320" /></a></div><i>by Kelsi Quick, PhD student in Political Science and a 2023-24 Research Assistant at the European Union Center<br /></i><br />With the 2024 elections on the horizon, Ursula von der Leyen, the President of the European Commission, gave what could be her last State of the Union address to the European Union as the body began its new session. She remains hopeful that the EU will further solidify its role as an important global actor and self-sufficient union over the coming years. Von der Leyen’s address was one that ultimately called for perseverance, unity, and hope as the EU navigates both the joys and the trials that are sure to come its way. Here are the main takeaways from her speech:<br /><br /><b>Where the EU has been</b><br /><br />Von der Leyen began her address by focusing on the achievements the EU has had to date. Her first focus was the European Green Deal, which she described as a major move towards a sustainable future that made sustainability the “centerpiece of the economy.” By emphasizing innovation and protecting European industry, she argues that the EU is working to prepare a way towards a “fair and just” green transition while also allowing the EU common market to thrive. Von der Leyen applauds the EU for taking a stand against an “aggressive” Russia and an “assertive” China; it is clear that she sees that the path forward for the EU is one of greater conviction. She additionally points out how the EU has expanded on this conviction by becoming a “global pioneer” in online rights and fighting for data privacy.<br /><br /><b>Where the EU is now<br /></b><br />While many great strides have been made, the EU still faces several ongoing crises that demand its attention. Von der Leyen emphasizes the importance of biodiversity of Europe and stresses that nature and wildlife must be protected and preserved. In addition, she brings attention towards the necessity of self-sufficiency in food production, urging that strategic dialogue is needed to address the future of agriculture in the EU. She similarly acknowledges ongoing economic concerns such as the “skills shortage” and the need to improve access to the labor market, inflation, and the need to make business easier for companies, especially smaller businesses.<br /><br /><b>Where the EU is going<br /></b><br />The work that the EU has done, coupled with the challenges it faces now, builds a pathway forward. Von der Leyen acknowledges that voters in the coming year are likely to vote on issues that impact their daily lives right now, issues such as climate change, the housing crisis, and the Russia-Ukraine war. Aware that migration remains a central topic, she implores the EU to focus on passing a new pact on migration asylum, a venture that will require unity within the EU. But the future doesn’t only hold challenges; it also holds hope, a hope that the EU will become an even stronger union of even more countries as the EU enlarges to include the Western Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine. Ultimately, von der Leyen concludes, it is the EU’s “collective duty to write a new story of Europe.”Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-11354656852972289202023-07-24T10:10:00.009-05:002023-11-27T09:59:03.282-06:00Accelerating Climate Change Mitigation: Policy Statements on the Road to 2030<div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsQsLSDR3ybc7yZPw2AxV2yJnVH-UGjVYS1LOR4nXeVUlwJS9A168VeGkKbX4Fu1mw2Ig33tm8YG0eJZyEyATF0-SQDvpGkCujK1icvX0I0Pu8EbA_VQtWdU_gSsypRwleITk6i1yWZ1aejoXKaVw6MHlQCkhxkB_jHAWa7nw3fGck3qDZQDijRdbk/s1920/pexels-pixabay-159160.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1440" data-original-width="1920" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsQsLSDR3ybc7yZPw2AxV2yJnVH-UGjVYS1LOR4nXeVUlwJS9A168VeGkKbX4Fu1mw2Ig33tm8YG0eJZyEyATF0-SQDvpGkCujK1icvX0I0Pu8EbA_VQtWdU_gSsypRwleITk6i1yWZ1aejoXKaVw6MHlQCkhxkB_jHAWa7nw3fGck3qDZQDijRdbk/s320/pexels-pixabay-159160.jpg" width="320" /></a><i><span style="font-family: inherit;">by</span> Bruce Murray, Professor and Director of Illinois in Vienna Programs, retired.</i></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">As I write these lines in July 2023, a little more than six years remain to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 50%, as prescribed by the Paris Agreement. The European Union (EU) has adopted five more pieces of its “Fit for 55” package, including the groundbreaking Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. The United States (US) is implementing its Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) with unprecedented provisions for the transition to a renewable energy economy, and the Biden administration strives to further limit combustion engine and coal power plant emissions, as well as introducing carbon pricing for methane gas. Meanwhile, the world climate clock keeps ticking, and the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR6 Synthesis Report warns of unavoidable and irreversible consequences if we do not further accelerate our efforts to mitigate climate change quickly.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Against that backdrop, 14 students from Europe and the US offer their policy statements for accelerating climate change mitigation with bold action in the EU, US, and globally. They focus our attention on sectoral, as well as business monitoring-standard, conflict-area reconstruction, and educational approaches, proposing action capable of helping us turn the corner on GHG emissions by 2030. Their proposals deserve our close attention.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the context of their work in a course on EU and US Climate Change Mitigation during the spring of 2023 at the Vienna University of Economics and Business, these guest experts expanded the students’ knowledge base and provided invaluable insights: <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Christina Voigt, UNFCCC PAICC Co-Chair (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_87QxIAefU" target="_blank">video</a>)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Günter Hörmandinger, EUC Secretariat General Senior Expert (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UCD4ho-oc8" target="_blank">video</a>)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Stephan Renner, Austrian Ministry for Climate Action Cabinet Member</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Claudia Kettner, Austrian Institute of Economic Research Senior Economist (<a href="https://europe.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/2023-11/21.03.Dr_.%20Claudia%20Kettner.EU%20Climate%20Policy.pdf" target="_blank">slide presentation</a>)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fritz Bachmair, Senior Economist, International Monetary Fund </span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dominik Zotti, Co-Founder, AxessImpact (<a href="https://europe.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/2023-11/28.03.2.Zotti_.Climate%20Finance.pdf" target="_blank">slide presentation</a>)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Raimund Mair, Senior Water Resource Management Specialist, World Bank Group in Vienna (<a href="https://europe.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/2023-11/25.04.Raimund%20Mair%20-%20World%20Bank_0.pdf" target="_blank">slide presentation</a>)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dr. Alexander Frech, President, Energy Globe Foundation and Partner, Aeiphoria Capital (<a href="https://europe.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/2023-11/31.03.Frech_.WU_Vorlesung.pdf" target="_blank">slide presentation</a>)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Charles Berckmann, Senior Finance Manager, bettervest (<a href="https://europe.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/2023-11/31.03.Berckmann.ESG_Greenwashing%20Presentation%20für%20IiVP%20-%2028.3.2023.pdf" target="_blank">slide presentation</a>)</span></li></ul></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, too, did field study visits at select sites where state of the art renewable energy and energy conservation projects exemplify the potential for catalyzing climate change mitigation:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Vienna University of Economics and Business campus</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Wien Energie Waste Incineration Plant (<a href="https://europe.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/2023-11/28.03.Baresch.Spittelau.Englisch.2021.pdf" target="_blank">slide presentation</a>)</span></li></ul></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Interacting collaboratively, the students developed their policy statements from topic selection to thesis statement, abstract, outline, oral presentation, written draft, and final text. Their ultimate goal has been a package that attracts the attention of decision makers and can make a meaningful difference in achieving the Paris Agreement goals. The results appear in four categories:<br /></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>1. Sectoral approaches, representing the top five emission sectors<br /></b><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Transportation </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/the-road-to-50-emission-reductions-us.html" target="_blank">William Ahern proposes legislative options to improve e-mobility charging infrastructure</a> with a focus on the number of stations and their location, as well as the charge time and cost. <a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/us-transportations-role-in-climate.html" target="_blank">Nicholas Skowron posits legislative change</a> and educational measures to improve public transportation, especially in urban settings. <a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/e-mobility-accelerating-in-sustainable.html" target="_blank">Dylan Kanner broadens the scope with proposals for the EU and US to accelerate the transition to e-mobility</a> with enhanced carbon pricing and utilizing the generated revenue to incentivize corporate investment.</span></li><li style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Electricity </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/united-statespowering-up-for-greener.html" target="_blank">Nicholas Elfering highlights prospects for moving beyond the estimated 40% GHG emission reduction</a> associated with IRA implementation, reaching 50% by declaring a National Climate Emergency and allocating Department of Defense resources to address what he describes as our greatest national security threat.</span></li><li style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Industry </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/achieving-us-2030-climate-change.html" target="_blank">Liam Cooley casts the well-developed and expanding EU Emissions Trading System as a model for a similar US system</a> as an effective means to limit industrial GHG emissions.</span></li><li style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Housing </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/building-stairs-not-roads-implementing.html" target="_blank">Luis Eguiguran promotes the U.S. transition to mixed-use urban development</a>, prevalent in the European Union, citing a growing number of examples in US cities, and encouraging more ambitious federal and other legislative initiatives to expand the scope nationally, </span></li><li style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Agriculture </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/changing-agriculture-practices-will.html" target="_blank">Molly Boyd asserts the need for more regenerative agriculture and methane management</a> to reach US Paris Agreement goals. She proposes implementing techniques that could lead to significant progress by 2030.</span></li></ul></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Business Monitoring Standards</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/urgency-addressed-with-transparency.html" target="_blank">Lou Ellstrand posits a standardized US government Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scoring system</a> to reduce greenwashing and maximize its benefit for GHG emissions reductions. <a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/reaching-2030-paris-agreement-goals.html" target="_blank">Hannah Gallainitis proposes redesigning carbon markets</a> to incentivize emissions reduction with five core carbon principles, foremost among them transparency, integrity, inclusivity, and international collaboration/ coordination. <a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/the-climate-conundrum-assessing.html" target="_blank">Zsófia Győrfi identifies the potential benefits and costs of deglobalizing the world economy</a>, recommending international carbon-pricing systems and utilizing the revenue to support decarbonization in the global south. <a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/maximizing-competitioncollaboration.html" target="_blank">Gustav Klaphake focuses attention on the EU Carbon Adjustment Mechanism</a> and advocates in favor of expanding it with international collaboration to incentivize global GHG emissions. <a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/competing-for-greener-future-eu-sector.html" target="_blank">Timoteus Kraml envisions a </a></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/competing-for-greener-future-eu-sector.html" target="_blank">Sector-specific Carbon Emissions Reduction Ranking and Incentives Program</a> that could be adopted at the national level and offer participants tax incentives for higher-ranking performance.<br /></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Ecological Conflict Area Reconstruction</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Artur Balakin, a Ukrainian citizen, envisions the ecological reconstruction of conflict areas all over the world, selects the Donbas region as a case study, and <a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/ecological-restoration-in-post-conflict.html" target="_blank">suggests initiatives for industry and housing, transport, and energy production.<br /></a></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Education</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Anna Fischer, whose policy statement won an award at the 2023 KURIER Speak Out Festival, <a href="http://eucenterillinois.blogspot.com/2023/07/education-for-climate-coalition-for.html" target="_blank">proposes the introduction of climate change as a dedicated subject in EU education</a> in elementary, secondary, and higher education. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As you read the policy statements, consider other options to group them. Also, contemplate the effect of implementing their proposals by 2030. Above all, use them as a catalyst for your own recommendations for the big and bold action we need now!</span></span></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-9662215700173377192023-07-24T10:00:00.032-05:002023-07-24T10:00:00.160-05:00U.S. Transportation's Role in Climate Change Mitigation for 2030<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4gztWNClOdVUrECEECvmDMUPKKJ7fUe2q6BN-d4ORtJ43DxUZhSwZ8ikkGYP7DfIuZedkTyCMMsDzWyr6FUeTnWT3peEoEaTmONCijSf9YZ_1mvyb3IWhuEE35Q0FzhFCm_Asfs0DRBjpR0KIq5hLdUXqNaLR4bzEt4G6oPOuVkK6AVhIVAmctMdNNrw/s672/urcountry.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="447" data-original-width="672" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4gztWNClOdVUrECEECvmDMUPKKJ7fUe2q6BN-d4ORtJ43DxUZhSwZ8ikkGYP7DfIuZedkTyCMMsDzWyr6FUeTnWT3peEoEaTmONCijSf9YZ_1mvyb3IWhuEE35Q0FzhFCm_Asfs0DRBjpR0KIq5hLdUXqNaLR4bzEt4G6oPOuVkK6AVhIVAmctMdNNrw/s320/urcountry.png" width="320" /></a></div><i>by Nicholas Skowron (United States)</i><br /><br /><b>Abstract</b> <br /><br />The United States (US) is currently not ready to meet its Paris agreement 2030 climate change mitigation goals. With more aggressive and targeted regulation and legislation, this outlook could drastically change. The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) was a step in the right direction for climate change mitigation policy but it fell short in one massively important category, addressing public transportation. The US transportation sector accounts for 28% of all greenhouse gas GHG emissions; leading the next highest sector by 3%. This policy statement delves into the legislative and educational needs regarding the funding of new green public transit models. By analyzing current legislation, as well as other US climate policies, I seek to set guidelines for new and more aggressive strategies in green transportation, as well as funding and education towards creating a less car-dependent culture. A tangible switch in favor of public transportation over individual automobile dependence would greatly reduce emissions and significantly improve the chances for the US to achieve its climate change mitigation goal for 2030.<br /><br /><b>Introduction</b><br /><br />The US is in dire need of sweeping legislation regarding climate change mitigation. As it stands, the US with its current climate change mitigation initiatives, programs, and bills are not insufficient to reach the Paris Agreement goal of a 50% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030. Policies such as the IRA have made significant strides in efforts to mitigate climate change but have fallen short of the true needs to effectively meet this extreme challenge. With the suggestions and guidance offered in this policy proposal, I seek to amend these shortcomings and create a plan that can guide the US to a prosperous and green future. Introducing a system for tax credits for utilization of public transport, shifting of funding towards increased infrastructure for public transit, and hybridizing the next generation of public transport buses will correct the course to accomplish this lofty goal. While additional policy changes are necessary for the US to realize its goals for 2030, the introduction of these would be a massively important step in the right direction. A less car-dependent society is exactly what the US needs to massively reduce transportation emissions. Therefore, more aggressive legislation regarding the electrification and hybridization of public transportation and infrastructure will reduce GHG emissions drastically by 2030 by reducing fossil fuel and automobile dependence. <br /><br /><b>The</b> <b>Inflation Reduction Act</b><br /><br />The IRA is the most ambitious bill to date regarding climate change mitigation. In addition to this, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the IRA is “the most significant climate change legislation in U.S. history.” With an influx of $370 billion towards climate change mitigation and green infrastructure, this is a massive step in the right direction. This is important because all emissions sectors of the United States are being targeted in this bill, which is necessary if the US plans to reduce its GHG emissions 50% by 2030. Despite this positive development, only approximately $23.4 billion has been directed towards transportation. This means that even a smaller percentage of this funding is being directed toward public transportation. The IRA also features several concessions by not tackling fossil fuel funding, which opens the door to the continued use of fossil fuels and aids in keeping this industry alive. Even more alarmingly, the IRA touts a “40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030”, an entire 10% less than the 2030 Paris Agreement goal. To account for the projects that are desperately needed, funding must be pulled away from the $20 billion in subsidies and around $100 billion in tax breaks given to fossil fuel corporations every year to more effectively tackle this climate crisis. Currently, the transportation emissions sector is not being effectively targeted. With more aggressive and intuitive legislation this could be amended. <br /><br /><b>Methods for 2030</b><br /><br />A three-pronged approach is necessary for the US to reach its Paris Agreement obligations by 2030. Firstly, to encourage the use of public transportation, tax credits must be implemented as a tangible incentive for shifting away from automobile use. Secondly, the US must commit to developing green infrastructure such as passenger rail outside of main population centers and existing transit hubs. Lastly, the current fleet of diesel buses are incompatible with efficient emissions reductions by 2030 and must be replaced with much more energy- and emissions-efficient hybrid-electric vehicles. Currently, there are few physical incentives for Americans to use public transportation, this could be easily amended with a form of tax credits for the purchasing of transit passes. Encouragingly, tax credits have already shown real world success with policy implementation in Canada. I seek to recreate this success with a 15% tax credit for a purchased transit pass, which would allow for annual or monthly transit passes to be written off on taxes, putting money directly into citizens’ pockets. This will help to shift away from automobile dependence, providing an economic and environmental benefit. It would be effective because the process is incredibly simple to understand, unlike the current tax credit system regarding EVs for example, which is very narrow in eligibility and scope.<br /><br />Improving rail infrastructure outside of major transit hubs is important, too. For example, the population of Chicago and its surrounding suburbs is about 9 million people while the population of Tokyo sits at about 14 million. According to the nonprofit research center Urban.org, Chicagoland emits 3-4 times more greenhouse gases than Tokyo every single year. This is the consequence of the disparity in the development of public transportation infrastructure. Tokyo possesses an extremely developed and well-funded public transport system and, although Chicago has a modern and efficient public transit system inside the city, it is severely lacking in the suburbs. Chicago proper has a highly-developed transportation infrastructure and this is the case in many large cities in the US. The ability to scale this infrastructure outside of these main hubs would be essential to encouraging public transit use, thus lowering emissions. Current legislation is insufficient for this infrastructure development and must be prioritized to not only reduce emissions from single automobile use, but also shift transportation preference in favor of public transit. Before this shift can occur , the infrastructure must be available to use, and in many places it is simply not an option. Figure 1 displays this inability to use public transport in action, with all public transport networks in the US paling in comparison to one form of transport available in Europe: high speed rail. <br /><br />Lastly, according to the Environmental and Energy Study Institute, about 80% of the current bus fleet in federal public transportation uses diesel combustion engines. For the United States to meet its Paris Agreement obligations the US must shift completely to electric-hybrid vehicles. Studies done by this same institute show that these modern buses can be up to 75% more efficient in lessening GHG emissions as compared to diesel and with specialized filters this figure can reach up to 90%. Even more shockingly, even though these hybrids cost on $300,000 more per unit than diesel on average, they will actually save around $170 thousand in fuel costs, another reason to make the shift. To fund these programs the FTA must overcome its severe deficits at less than 2% of all federal funding. By pulling funding away from the bloated budget of the Department of Defense, the United States could fund these projects with ease.<div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBJixo2cf0pWy-V2CkGozybrPsCSL-y5o1JsaZvlJhiiOar0rzCtUUUBHFlg8yPCTXW5H7bLtIXVizmytWB-AgtX0FEBmORBgejEkzOz1Tzp3prd7xAq1_6lzOIWxFzf4OBP72SIJboiVzBMAqH3VfatrEDu2dQv_70ger5mduKAWn4hHeJQW7WyjATkk/s427/2.png"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="427" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBJixo2cf0pWy-V2CkGozybrPsCSL-y5o1JsaZvlJhiiOar0rzCtUUUBHFlg8yPCTXW5H7bLtIXVizmytWB-AgtX0FEBmORBgejEkzOz1Tzp3prd7xAq1_6lzOIWxFzf4OBP72SIJboiVzBMAqH3VfatrEDu2dQv_70ger5mduKAWn4hHeJQW7WyjATkk/w400-h255/2.png" width="400" /></a></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR0B3ITw4LgauYiOmv5Yb2p7dMYAKCE3mBQNSvbLYWSeqf8GAS71RjTcqt2bpgK7RB8S9IEQ_MOMHim6c9CT4YVx_bVrDrKf-3gIXV3GnCXDI-jW5nYEXJ1Az4jXLLGbW2BizHl2MW_hYIc-2ateWXgNjKC7AvAKDfp-2bbgyeSMOoSHTVb2PtLoBP07E/s431/box1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="431" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR0B3ITw4LgauYiOmv5Yb2p7dMYAKCE3mBQNSvbLYWSeqf8GAS71RjTcqt2bpgK7RB8S9IEQ_MOMHim6c9CT4YVx_bVrDrKf-3gIXV3GnCXDI-jW5nYEXJ1Az4jXLLGbW2BizHl2MW_hYIc-2ateWXgNjKC7AvAKDfp-2bbgyeSMOoSHTVb2PtLoBP07E/w400-h240/box1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Figure 1: Comparison between all available public transport in the US (top) and high speed rail in Europe (bottom)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b>An Optimistic Future</b><br /><br />Swift implementation of these policies and programs in the US can right its current climate change mitigation wrongs and set an optimistic direction to Paris 2030. Climate change mitigation activities already exist and in the tax credit example, have been proven effective when implemented. Most importantly, the US has excellent public transportation infrastructure in large cities and transport hubs, but the key is scaling this infrastructure to target severely lacking areas of the country where this public transportation is unavailable. With greater policy ambition and more aggressive implementation, the US can use tax credits, rail construction, and hybridization of public transport to effectively target the transportation emissions sector and drastically reduce its carbon footprint in preparation for Paris Agreement compliance in 2030.<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><b>Works Cited</b></span><div><b><br /></b></div></div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Agency, C. R. (2020, July 3). </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">Government of Canada</i><span style="font-family: inherit;">. Canada.ca. </span><br /><a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/programs/about-canada-revenue-agency-cra/federal-government-budgets/budget-2017-building-a-strong-middle-class/public-transit-tax-credit.html" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/programs/about-canada-revenue-agency-cra/federal-government-budgets/budget-2017-building-a-strong-middle-class/public-transit-tax-credit.html</span></a><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). EPA. Retrieved May 4, 2023, from </span><a href="https://www.epa.gov/green-power-markets/inflation-reduction-act" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://www.epa.gov/green-power-markets/inflation-reduction-act</span></a><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Europe, A. M. of. (2019, May 22). </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">Rail Map Europe: Map of Europe: Europe Map</i><span style="font-family: inherit;">. Map of </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Europe | Europe Map. </span><a href="https://mapofeurope.com/rail-europe/" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://mapofeurope.com/rail-europe/ </span></a><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Coleman, C., & Dietz, E. (2019, July 29). </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">Fact sheet: Fossil fuel subsidies: A closer look at tax b</i><i style="font-family: inherit;">reaks and societal costs</i><span style="font-family: inherit;">. EESI. </span><a href="https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet-fossil-fuel-subsidies-a-closer-look-at-tax-breaks-and-societal-costs" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet-fossil-fuel-subsidies-a-closer-look-at-tax-breaks-and-societal-costs</span></a><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">D.O.D. (2023, March 13). <i>Department of Defense releases the president’s fiscal year 2024 </i></span><i>defense</i> <br /><i>budget</i>. U.S. Department of Defense. <a href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3326875/department-of-defense-releases-the-presidents-fiscal-year-2024-defense-budget/#:~:text=On%20March%209%2C%202023%2C%20the,billion%20more%20than%20FY%202022">https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3326875/department-of-defense-releases-the-presidents-fiscal-year-2024-defense-budget/#:~:text=On%20March%209%2C%202023%2C%20the,billion%20more%20than%20FY%202022</a>. <br /><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Federal Transit Administration. (2018). </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">2018 National Transit Summaries and trends</i><span style="font-family: inherit;">. National </span><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Transit Database. </span><a href="https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/ntd/data-product/134401/2018-ntst_1.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/ntd/data-product/134401/2018-ntst_1.pdf</span></a><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Laporte, A. (2019, July 29). </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">Fact sheet: Fossil fuel subsidies: A closer look at tax breaks and </i><i style="font-family: inherit;">societal costs (2019)</i><span style="font-family: inherit;">. EESI. </span><a href="https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet-fossil-fuel-subsidies-a-closer-look-at-tax-breaks-and-societal-costs" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet-fossil-fuel-subsidies-a-closer-look-at-tax-breaks-and-societal-costs</span></a><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ranganathan, S. (n.d.). Hybrid buses costs and benefits - EESI. </span><a href="https://www.eesi.org/files/eesi_hybrid_bus_032007.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://www.eesi.org/files/eesi_hybrid_bus_032007.pdf</span></a><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Yau, N. (2014, February 6). </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">Map: US bus and Amtrak routes</i><span style="font-family: inherit;">. FlowingData. </span><a href="https://flowingdata.com/2014/02/06/map-us-bus-and-amtrak-routes/" style="font-family: inherit;">https://flowingdata.com/2014/02/06/map-us-bus-and-amtrak-routes/</a><div><br /></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-11590728161972779132023-07-24T09:30:00.007-05:002023-07-24T09:49:30.322-05:00 Competing for a Greener Future: The EU Sector-Specific Carbon Emissions Ranking Initiative<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4aVngvqqj4Zb9YmSWGmQU_LPDM-MAYNvFuQMKzE5TkM-DXaBZPNYYP8iFzf5z1w_Y_QKgvrlUCpNIAi7QazrwzYLVWakLTtkRv8hMrwnyXhYanlBnV7D-UAP2gf3z7iN-m6OdLDLBuVu_CKpWQB_RYlM7zsDaShmIlMHhX4n_xWBZMdNwFA230gqb4z4/s729/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="729" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4aVngvqqj4Zb9YmSWGmQU_LPDM-MAYNvFuQMKzE5TkM-DXaBZPNYYP8iFzf5z1w_Y_QKgvrlUCpNIAi7QazrwzYLVWakLTtkRv8hMrwnyXhYanlBnV7D-UAP2gf3z7iN-m6OdLDLBuVu_CKpWQB_RYlM7zsDaShmIlMHhX4n_xWBZMdNwFA230gqb4z4/s320/Picture1.png" width="320" /></a></div><i>by Timoteus Kraml</i><br /><br /><b>Abstract</b><br /><br />The European Union (EU) must address the pressing issue of climate change by promoting environmentally sustainable business practices. This policy statement proposes a Sector-specific Carbon Emissions Reduction Ranking and Incentives Program, whereby businesses can voluntarily apply to be ranked, based on their carbon emissions relative to competitors in their sector. Participants will receive tax breaks proportional to their ranking, with all participating businesses receiving a minimal tax break regardless of their rank. To ensure transparency and accountability, the EU will fund a new institution dedicated to monitoring and evaluating the businesses involved in the program. Additionally, the EU will provide free consultation and support for businesses seeking to adopt more sustainable practices. This sector-specific approach allows businesses in carbon-intensive industries, such as oil companies, to have an incentive to improve their environmental performance. Via financial incentives, the proposed program has the potential to motivate businesses to make small but significant changes in their operations, thereby contributing to the broader EU climate goals and fostering sustainable economic growth.<br /><br /><b>Urgency</b><br /><br />Climate change presents an urgent global challenge that requires concerted efforts from governments, industries, and individuals alike. One critical aspect of addressing climate change involves promoting environmentally sustainable business practices across various sectors. With the EU committed to achieving ambitious climate goals, such as a 55% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030, it is essential to create innovative strategies that incentivize businesses to reduce their carbon footprint and improve their environmental performance.<br /><br />This policy statement introduces the Sector-specific Carbon Emissions Reduction Ranking and Incentives Program, a novel approach designed to encourage businesses to adopt more sustainable practices. By offering financial incentives through tax breaks proportional to a business's carbon emissions ranking within its sector, the program aims to motivate businesses to work towards reducing their emissions and contribute to the broader EU climate goals. In the following sections, I will explore the details of this program, its potential benefits, and the support structures needed to ensure its success in fostering a sustainable economic future.<br /><br /><b>Program Description<br /></b><br />The Sector-specific Carbon Emissions Reduction Ranking and Incentives Program is designed to encourage businesses across various sectors to engage in environmentally sustainable practices voluntarily. By adopting a sector-specific ranking system, the program enables businesses to be compared and evaluated based on their carbon emissions relative to their competitors within the same industry. This approach ensures that even companies within carbon-intensive sectors can find incentives to improve their environmental performance.<br /><br />The program offers tax breaks and incentives to participating businesses based on their ranking. The better a company's ranking, the more significant the tax reductions it receives. This system creates a direct financial incentive for businesses to reduce their carbon emissions and adopt more sustainable practices. Furthermore, the program aims to be inclusive, targeting businesses from various sectors, including carbon-intensive industries. This inclusivity ensures that a wide range of companies can contribute to the EU's climate goals and benefit from the incentives provided by the program.<br /><br /><b>EU-funded Institutions and Support</b><br /><br />To ensure the success of the Sector-specific Carbon Emissions Reduction Ranking and Incentives Program, it is crucial to have robust institutions and support systems in place. First, evaluating and monitoring the performance of participating businesses is vital to maintain transparency and accountability. To this end, the EU should fund a dedicated institution, responsible for tracking, measuring, and verifying the carbon emissions and environmental performance of the businesses involved in the program.<br /><br />Additionally, offering free support and consultation to businesses seeking to adopt more sustainable practices will help facilitate their transition towards greener operations. This assistance can include guidance on best practices, resources, and technological solutions tailored to each sector. One option would be to link business responses to support and consultation with a deadline for the implementation of suggestions for improvement. If the business implements before the deadline, its ranking improves.<br /><br />The proposed program could be funded by allocating a small percentage of the €1 trillion budget set aside for the EU Green Deal, which aims to mobilize investments towards sustainable growth. By leveraging the financial resources of the EU Green Deal, the program can draw inspiration from existing EU initiatives, such as the Emissions Trading System (ETS), which creates a market-based approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi), which helps companies set science-based emissions reduction targets. By building upon these successful models, the program can effectively contribute to the broader EU climate objectives.<br /><br /><b>Impact on Small Businesses<br /></b><br />The Sector-specific Carbon Emissions Reduction Ranking and Incentives Program has the potential to impact small businesses significantly in a positive way. By participating in the program, small business owners can identify feasible changes they can implement to improve their environmental performance. For example, as an owner of a small Airbnb business, one could consider using eco-friendly cleaning products, washing linens and towels in an eco-friendly mode, or providing guests with eco-friendly shower gels and soaps. These small adjustments can be very easy and impactful. With the right incentive, many entrepreneurs would happily develop a more sustainable business operation.<br /><br />Financial incentives play a crucial role in motivating businesses to adopt sustainable practices. By offering tax breaks to participating businesses based on their ranking, the program creates a direct financial benefit for businesses that take steps to reduce their carbon emissions. This economic motivation can make the prospect of transitioning to more sustainable practices more appealing, encouraging businesses of all sizes to engage in environmentally responsible operations.<br /><br /><b>Outlook</b><br /><br />The Sector-specific Carbon Emissions Reduction Ranking and Incentives Program presents a promising approach to addressing climate change by promoting environmentally sustainable business practices. By offering financial incentives through tax breaks based on a company's carbon emissions ranking within its sector, the program can motivate businesses of all sizes to reduce their emissions and contribute to the EU's broader climate goals.<br /><br />The potential benefits of the program are vast, from enhancing the environmental performance of businesses to fostering a sustainable economic future. By implementing this program and supporting the necessary institutions and initiatives, the EU can pave the way for a greener, more resilient economy. It is crucial for policymakers and stakeholders to recognize the value of this program and take decisive action to implement and support its development, ensuring that the fight against climate change remains a top priority for businesses across the European Union.<br /><br /><b>Literature</b><br /><br />European Commission (2019). A European Green Deal. [online] European Commission. Available at: <a href="https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en">https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en</a>.<br /><br />Science Based Targets. (n.d.). How it works. [online] Available at: <a href="https://sciencebasedtargets.org/how-it-works">https://sciencebasedtargets.org/how-it-works</a>.<br /><br />European Commission (2022). EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). [online] European Commission. Available at: <a href="https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en">https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en</a>.Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-9241123783834813842023-07-24T08:00:00.000-05:002023-07-24T09:45:33.533-05:00Maximizing Competition/Collaboration Benefits and CBAM to Achieve 2030 Climate Change Mitigation Goals<blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdmMZHEr15UKkOl3HErCJVhALU5BSfDQMDwazIgcNYF0EvzUKHnEkE0IcawHSq3wJErAgWdW0sep9xpiXOg3Fto3OBQ-mBrYvMfozIfhiPazVr0TH6iygz-IbyLk5Lvj0w7ucyvD2Ds167E5YiGydBobK43kPGeZJ8x23hmDC2kfZqbr3P8egmcI06zCw/s677/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="677" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdmMZHEr15UKkOl3HErCJVhALU5BSfDQMDwazIgcNYF0EvzUKHnEkE0IcawHSq3wJErAgWdW0sep9xpiXOg3Fto3OBQ-mBrYvMfozIfhiPazVr0TH6iygz-IbyLk5Lvj0w7ucyvD2Ds167E5YiGydBobK43kPGeZJ8x23hmDC2kfZqbr3P8egmcI06zCw/s320/Picture1.png" width="320" /></a></div><i>by Gustav Klaphake (Austria)</i><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><b>Abstract</b><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote>This policy statement targets the global distribution of greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and the potential role of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in encouraging climate change mitigation efforts. The CBAM is a policy tool introduced by the European Union (EU) to address carbon leakage by levying charges on imported goods based on their carbon footprint. The statement indicates how the CBAM can incentivize emission reductions, promote the adoption of low-carbon technologies, and foster sustainable production practices in countries in and outside the EU. Additionally, it identifies the benefits and drawbacks of competition and collaboration in climate change mitigation, emphasizing the need for international cooperation. It asserts that by incorporating clear goals, inclusive decision-making, differentiation, financial support, synergistic approaches, and adaptive frameworks, the CBAM can encourage emissions reductions effectively, while promoting collaboration and international cooperation. A well-designed and balanced CBAM, integrated within the broader context of international climate efforts, can drive global emission reductions and contribute to a fair and equitable transition to a low-carbon economy.<blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><b>Introduction</b><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote>Climate change mitigation is a pressing global challenge that requires concerted efforts from countries worldwide. As the consequences of climate change intensify, it is crucial to implement effective mechanisms to encourage greater mitigation. One such mechanism is the CBAM. The CBAM is an EU policy tool that targets carbon leakage by levying carbon-related charges on imported goods based on their carbon footprint. By aligning economic incentives with climate objectives, the CBAM has the potential to drive significant emissions reductions beyond the EU and incentivize climate action on a global scale. <blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote>Competition and collaboration are two key dynamics that shape climate change mitigation efforts. Competition can spur innovation, cost reductions, and ambition as countries strive to gain a competitive advantage in low-carbon technologies and practices. On the other hand, collaboration fosters knowledge sharing, joint problem-solving, and the pooling of resources, enabling countries to collectively address the global challenge of climate change. Balancing the benefits and drawbacks of competition and collaboration is vital to ensure effective and equitable distribution of greenhouse gas emissions reduction efforts worldwide. <br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><br /></blockquote><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote>This policy statement indicates that the CBAM design can encourage greater climate change mitigation efforts in countries, in- and outside the EU, by providing economic incentives and reducing carbon leakage, while international cooperation can balance the benefits and drawbacks of competition and collaboration in global distribution of greenhouse gas emissions.<blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><b><br /></b><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><b>CBAM Process and Potential Impact<br /></b><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote>The CBAM is a policy tool introduced by the EU to address the challenge of carbon leakage and encourage global climate change mitigation efforts. It aims to ensure that the ambitious EU climate policies are not undermined by the relocation of carbon-intensive industries to regions with weaker climate regulations. It assesses the embedded emissions of imported goods, including direct emissions from energy use and indirect emissions from the production process. By incorporating carbon costs into the price of imports, the CBAM incentivizes EU and non-EU producers to adopt cleaner technologies and reduce emissions. Initially focusing on sectors such as steel, cement, aluminum, fertilizers, and electricity generation, importers will purchase digital certificates to cover the embedded carbon costs. While the CBAM details are still being developed, they are subject to legislative processes, international agreements, and trade rule compliance. According to a UNCTAD report, the introduction of carbon pricing coupled with a CBAM can help reduce CO2 emissions both in and outside the EU. This leads to changes in international trade patterns, favoring countries with relatively carbon-efficient production processes. However, the reduction in emissions represents only a small percentage of global CO2 emissions. The implementation of a CBAM could result in declining exports for developing countries in favor of developed countries with less carbon-intensive production. To address this, the EU could consider implementing CBAM flanking policies, including using the revenue generated by the CBAM to support the diffusion and adoption of cleaner production technologies in developing countries. <div><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote>There are challenges associated with the CBAM. One challenge is the perception of protectionism. Initial reactions from countries outside the EU have been negative, viewing the policy as putting developing economies at a disadvantage. Another challenge is the determination of the carbon footprint associated with production in exporting countries. Trade disputes are also a concern, as countries relying on carbon-intensive exports to the EU will be disproportionately affected by the CBAM. For example, Mozambique's economy could shrink by 2.5 percent due to decreased demand. Furthermore, the CBAM could exacerbate income inequality and welfare distribution between rich and poor economies. According to a technical paper by the Task Force on Climate, Development, and the International Monetary Fund, the broad implementation of the CBAM could result in an annual welfare gain of $141 billion in developed countries but an annual welfare loss of $106 billion in developing countries compared to a baseline scenario. <blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><b>Benefits and Drawbacks of Competition and Collaboration</b><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote>Competition in climate change mitigation efforts offers several benefits. It drives innovation and technological advancement as countries, industries, and businesses compete to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This leads to investments in research and development, fostering advancements in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and clean technologies. Competition among countries and regions also can inspire ambitious climate policies, creating a positive feedback loop and driving a "race to the top" in climate action. Additionally, the transition to a low-carbon economy creates market opportunities and economic growth, attracting investments and creating jobs.<br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><br /></blockquote><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote>Competition in climate change mitigation efforts also has its drawbacks. Firstly, it may result in inadequate ambition, as some actors prioritize short-term gains or meeting minimum requirements. Secondly, competition can lead to an unequal distribution of efforts, with some countries or industries making significant progress while others lag behind. There is also a risk of greenwashing, where actors engage in superficial actions to appear environmentally friendly without substantial changes. Additionally, competition can give rise to trade disputes and economic tensions as measures implemented by one country or region may be perceived as protectionist or discriminatory. Lastly, competition may overlook the need for holistic approaches that address not only emissions reductions but also adaptation, resilience-building, and the social and economic dimensions of climate change.<br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><br /></blockquote><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote>Collaboration in climate change mitigation efforts offers several benefits. Firstly, it allows for the sharing of knowledge, expertise, and best practices among countries, organizations, and stakeholders. Collaboration also enhances policy development by aligning efforts, establishing harmonized standards, and promoting consistency in global climate action. Furthermore, it encourages increased ambition and commitment as countries inspire and challenge each other to adopt more ambitious policies and accelerate emission reductions. Collaborative efforts also enable resource pooling, financing leverage, and sharing the financial burden, particularly supporting developing nations. Lastly, collaboration leverages synergies and complementary actions, allowing regions and nations to tap into their unique strengths and resources through joint projects, research initiatives, and knowledge-sharing networks. <blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote>Collaboration in climate change mitigation efforts also has some drawbacks. Firstly, the decision-making process in collaborative efforts can be slow due to the need for consensus, resulting in delays in implementing necessary actions. Additionally, compromises made during negotiations may lead to a dilution of ambition in climate change mitigation efforts. Moreover, there is a risk of free-riding and shifting responsibilities. Lastly, collaboration often relies on voluntary commitments and self-reporting, which can present challenges in terms of ensuring accountability and enforcement.<br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><br /></blockquote><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><b>Balancing the Benefits and Drawbacks through International Cooperation</b><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote>International cooperation plays a crucial role in balancing the benefits and drawbacks of competition and collaboration in climate change mitigation efforts. To achieve this balance, several key factors should be considered. First, clear and ambitious goals should guide international cooperation, prioritizing long-term sustainability and global climate targets. This provides a common direction and focus for countries and stakeholders. Second, inclusive and transparent decision-making processes are essential, allowing all relevant stakeholders to participate meaningfully and ensuring accountability. In addition, transparent mechanisms for reporting and monitoring progress should be established to track the effectiveness of actions. Differentiation and equity are important principles that should be integrated into international cooperation. Recognizing the differing capacities and circumstances of countries, particularly the most vulnerable and least developed, helps ensure fairness in the distribution of responsibilities. Adequate financial and technical support should be provided to developing countries to facilitate their participation. Developed countries should fulfill their commitments to provide climate finance, technology transfer, and capacity-building assistance, bridging the resource gap and enabling developing countries to enhance their mitigation efforts while addressing their development priorities. Synergistic approaches that integrate climate change mitigation with other sustainable development goals are crucial. This avoids siloed approaches and promotes holistic solutions that address multiple challenges simultaneously. Finally, international cooperation frameworks should be flexible and adaptive to evolving circumstances and emerging challenges. The dynamic nature of the climate change landscape requires adjustments and refinements to strategies and commitments over time to ensure their relevance and effectiveness.<blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><b>Applying the Lessons Learned to CBAM</b><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote>The CBAM should align with clear and ambitious climate goals, such as those outlined in the Paris Agreement. By setting explicit objectives and targets, the CBAM can contribute to global emission reductions and facilitate the transition to a low-carbon economy. Clear goals provide a framework for cooperation and ensure that the CBAM supports meaningful climate action. Inclusive and transparent decision-making processes are essential for the development and implementation of the CBAM. Engaging stakeholders, including both exporting and importing countries, as well as industry representatives, will ensure that diverse perspectives are considered. Transparency in the design and operation of the CBAM will enhance trust among stakeholders and facilitate effective collaboration. Differentiation and equity should be incorporated into the CBAM. Recognizing the different circumstances and capacities of exporting countries, particularly those that are developing or least developed, is crucial. Implementing differentiated measures, such as transitional periods or financial support, can help address concerns about fairness and equity, ensuring that the CBAM supports a just transition. Adequate support can enhance the effectiveness and fairness of the mechanism, enabling exporting countries to meet the requirements of the CBAM and facilitate their participation in international climate efforts. The CBAM should be integrated into broader climate change mitigation and sustainability efforts, fostering synergies with other sectors and strategies. By complementing existing initiatives and policies, the CBAM can contribute to a comprehensive and coordinated approach to emissions reductions. Lastly, the CBAM framework should be flexible and adaptive to changing circumstances and emerging challenges. Regular reviews and updates can ensure that the mechanism remains effective and aligned with evolving climate goals. Flexibility allows for adjustments to address unintended consequences and promotes continuous improvement.<blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><b>Conclusion</b><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote>The CBAM holds significant potential to encourage greater climate change mitigation efforts in countries both within and outside the EU. By aligning economic incentives with climate objectives, the CBAM can incentivize emission reductions, promote the adoption of low-carbon technologies, and foster sustainable production practices. However, the successful implementation of the CBAM requires careful consideration of its potential impacts and the need for international cooperation to balance the benefits and drawbacks of competition and collaboration. Competition and collaboration play critical roles in climate change mitigation efforts. Competition drives innovation, cost reductions, and ambition, while collaboration fosters knowledge sharing, joint problem-solving, and resource pooling. To strike a balance, clear and ambitious goals, inclusive decision-making processes, differentiation and equity, synergistic approaches, and adaptive frameworks are necessary. Applying these lessons to the design and implementation of the CBAM can enhance its effectiveness and promote collaboration among stakeholders.</div><br /><b>References</b><br /> <i><br />A European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: Implications for developing countries. </i>(2021). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. <a href="https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osginf2021d2_en.pdf">https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osginf2021d2_en.pdf</a><div><br /><i>EC Proposal to revise EU ETS.</i> (2021). European Commission. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/revision-eu-ets_with-annex_en_0.pdf">https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/revision-eu-ets_with-annex_en_0.pdf</a></div><div><br />He Xiaobei, Zhai Fan, & Ma Jun. (2022). <i>The Global Impact of a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: A Quantitative Assessment.</i> Task Force on Climate, Development and the International Monetary Fund. <a href="https://www.bu.edu/gdp/files/2022/03/TF-WP-001-FIN.pdf">https://www.bu.edu/gdp/files/2022/03/TF-WP-001-FIN.pdf</a><br /><br /></div><div><i>Transition Spillover Risks and IMF Surveillance on Climate Change: Implications for Developing Countries.</i> (2022). Task Force on Climate, Development and the International Monetary Fund. <a href="https://www.bu.edu/gdp/files/2022/03/TF-PB-003-FIN.pdf">https://www.bu.edu/gdp/files/2022/03/TF-PB-003-FIN.pdf</a><br /><br /></div><div>Weko, S., Eicke, L., Marian, A., & Apergi, M. (2020). <i>The Global Impacts of an EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism </i>[PDF]. 5 MB. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2312/IASS.2020.055">https://doi.org/10.2312/IASS.2020.055</a><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 20.799999px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 20.799999px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.066668px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-57336456957590944342023-07-21T16:29:00.034-05:002023-07-21T16:38:28.554-05:00E-mobility: Accelerating in a Sustainable Direction<i><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZpFoVVtmgzUD3-bqsz-NG7TfoIvn25qPFgjs9sqidYIxO8A2AbjARii2s48ze2EAMXg48Cg5KDr3ELwikNX8MAw3qHOhSDmOaeSaiZAFV_JN7IrArFqxUoWRGW2up6CK3wp_EywQgF79BraUvh4r9MgG0dxPUb7gZQ4rDhNdRZlqy4eh-xMfapkDH6VI/s974/Kanner.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="974" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZpFoVVtmgzUD3-bqsz-NG7TfoIvn25qPFgjs9sqidYIxO8A2AbjARii2s48ze2EAMXg48Cg5KDr3ELwikNX8MAw3qHOhSDmOaeSaiZAFV_JN7IrArFqxUoWRGW2up6CK3wp_EywQgF79BraUvh4r9MgG0dxPUb7gZQ4rDhNdRZlqy4eh-xMfapkDH6VI/s320/Kanner.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 17.120001px; text-align: start;">Image source: </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="line-height: 15.693334px; text-align: start;"><a href="http://portlandgeneral.com/energy-choices/electric-vehicles-charging/electrifying-transportation"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">portlandgeneral.com</span></a></span></span><span style="text-align: start;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table>By Dylan Kanner (United States)<br /></i><br /><b>Abstract</b><br /><br />The EU and US must accelerate the transition to electric transportation via investment capital mobilization. The most relevant greenhouse gas (GHG) emission sector is transportation, and the most promising development is E-mobility. The E-mobility goal is to develop the most efficient and sustainable transportation modes using renewable energy. Humanity’s common goal is to bridge profitability and sustainability to create a more balanced economy. The EU is a step ahead of the US in electric vehicle (EV) sales and can motivate US development. Simultaneously, recent US developments motivate further EU development. Joe Biden’s Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) invests $369 billion toward energy security and climate change programs. Some European Commissioners are concerned that this development will cause EU businesses to relocate to the US. I address this disparity when comparing the EU and US. I also assert the need for more corporate investment in renewables and less in fossil fuels. The EU and US can accelerate the E-mobility transition by incentivizing renewable resourcing in large industries and eliminating the sales of polluting vehicles.<br /><br /><b>Policy Statement Preview</b><br /><br />The escalating climate emergency obligates every nation to be proactive in climate change mitigation efforts. Global warming likely will exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2030 if we don’t take the initiative. The transportation sector is responsible for nearly 30% of GHG emissions. I investigate how the EU and US specifically can accelerate the transition to electric transportation through capital investment mobilization. I will discuss the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law’s (BIL) public transportation budget increase via carbon pricing and the introduction of EV order tax credit under the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). The E-mobility transition scales from the individual consumer all the way up to large private corporations. The EU is a step ahead of the US in electric vehicle (EV) sales and public transportation development. I address the disparity when comparing the EU and US due to the lack of EV progression in the US. The EU and US plan to reduce their emissions by at least 50% by 2030 relative to their base years (1990 and 2005). The E-mobility goal is to develop the most efficient and sustainable transportation modes using renewable energy. The global goal must be to bridge profitability and sustainability to create a more balanced economy. The EU and US can accelerate the E-mobility transition by financially incentivizing renewable resourcing and eliminating the sales of polluting vehicles. Dr. Lamya N. Fawwaz, executive director at Masdar, once said “Every two minutes, the energy reaching the earth from the sun is equivalent to the whole annual energy use of humanity. All the energy … the cars, lighting, and air conditioning of the world … in one year is equivalent to two minutes of the sun.” So why not let the sun drive our cars?<br /><br /><b>GHG Emission Sector: Transportation</b><br /><br />Transportation is an integral part of the economy. It allows people to travel to and from work each day and it makes up a significant portion of the global market. The issue is that fossil fuels generate 95% of global transportation energy. Time and money are the two strongest economic factors. People constantly seek the cheapest and fastest transportation regarding both personal vehicles and public transportation. Although price fluctuations move demand in one direction or another, certain variables may cause demand and even supply to shift completely. The Covid pandemic’s quarantine period correlated with an astronomical decline in gasoline consumption. US petroleum consumption in the transportation sector decreased from 687 million tons in 2019 to 597 million tons in 2020, a 25-year low. According to the US Energy Information Administration, “From 2019 to 2020, petroleum consumption decreased in every energy-consuming sector, and it decreased a record 15% in the transportation sector.” Similarly, the EU experienced a significant decrease in transportation fuel consumption (petroleum) – from 375 million tons in 2019 to 321 million tons in 2020. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide were unable to travel for work or leisure. It seemed almost as if the world was frozen in time. The point here is - should it require a global pandemic to reduce fossil fuel consumption? No, it shouldn’t. Transportation fuel consumption quickly increased toward its pre-pandemic levels following the loosened Covid restrictions as was presumed. The Covid pandemic will be the least of our problems if humanity doesn’t follow its urgent climate change mitigation and adaptation guidelines.<br /><br /><b>EU and US Developments in Investment Capital Mobilization</b><br /><br />The US is heavily dependent on automobiles but is still very behind the EU in EV sales. The EU reported 1.88 million EV sales in 2022 compared to 770,000 in the US. The EU also installed 363,900 new charging stations compared to 88,670 in the US. This EU progress should influence EV development in the US. Simultaneously, recent US developments may motivate further EU development. Joe Biden’s IRA invests $369 billion toward energy security and climate change programs. Some European Commissioners are concerned that this development will cause many EU businesses to relocate to the US. Bernd Lange, head of the European Parliament's Trade Committee, indicates the “low bureaucratic burden” and “low energy prices” in the US resulting from the IRA. The US government authorized a $108 billion public transportation budget covering 2022-2026 under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL). However, only $91 billion is guaranteed. According to whitehouse.gov, “President Biden’s Bipartisan Infrastructure Law invests $7.5 billion in EV charging, $10 billion in clean transportation, and over $7 billion in EV battery components, critical minerals, and materials.” The EU is funding new green energy projects in 11 member states exceeding €200 billion in accordance with the US new BIL and IRA developments. Both the EU and US plan to reach net-zero transportation emissions by 2050.<br /><br /><b>BIL and IRA Proposals</b><br /><br />I propose that the BIL guaranteed $91 billion public transportation fund be increased to the full authorized amount of $108 billion. The US government should increase carbon pricing by 18% to subsidize the BIL fund and electric transportation companies, as well as increase the relative cost of carbon-intensive technology. This allows funds to be moved from unsustainable firms, such as oil mining and high-combustion engine companies, to renewable energy and other sustainable funds. Companies like Shell, BP, and ExxonMobile are among the worst concerning fossil fuel procurement and attract revenues upwards of $300 billion. A considerable portion of these revenues must be allocated toward electric transit systems. The IRA allows EV users to earn up to $7,500 in tax credit (up to $4,000 and 30% sale price limit for used EVs). I propose that the tax credit for users of preowned EVs be increased from $4,000 to $6,500 while maintaining the 30% sale price limit. Consumers will be satisfied even if it means automobile retail markups. Many people interested in purchasing a new EV face the issue of a long waiting time. The IRA should allow people who preorder a new EV to be eligible for the tax credit.<br /><br />Considering 83% of the US population resides in urban areas, public transportation investment should be heavily increased. Only 38.9% of the EU population lives in urban areas, yet the EU exceeds the US in both the EV and public transportation sector. By adding the US EV revenue ($49.07 billion) and public transportation revenue ($40.49 billion) for 2022, we find that 83% of this total should be the new public transportation investment. This new investment of $74.33 billion, along with the $49.07 billion, will total $123.4 billion, which is manageable considering the BIL budget increase from carbon pricing. The EU and US initiated emissions reductions by effectively administering carbon pricing. These proposals incentivize clean transportation, tax credit opportunity, and circular economy contribution. I also propose that annual tax rebates distribute higher amounts of money to cities with higher concentrations of EV and public transportation consumption. Urban areas require more electric public transportation development, while suburban and rural areas require more EV development.<br /><br /><b>Green Energy Transition</b><br /><br />Automobiles, public transit, aircraft, and even marine vessels must switch to biofuel (especially ethanol), hydrogen, wind, and solar power. The number of battery electric vehicles (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) must be increased, their weight must be decreased, and their aerodynamic resistance must be reduced to improve fuel and design efficiency. The average person switching to electric transportation will prevent 2 tons of annual carbon emissions. If everyone in the EU and US did this, 1.56 billion tons of CO2 emissions would be prevented annually. The US invested $37.6 billion in wind projects, $36.6 billion in solar projects, and $7.9 billion in biomass projects between 2011 and 2021. Meanwhile, over 1.3 million new green jobs have been created in the EU since the year 2000. The European Commission’s new REPowerEU policy aims to invest €210 billion in new energy. This includes doubling the EU solar power capacity and divesting from Russian fossil fuel imports, which could save the EU up to €100 billion each year. The renewable energy expansion fosters economic growth and environmental improvement. The European Green Deal expresses the EU capacity for over 400 gigawatts of solar and wind energy. To put that number into perspective, 400 gigawatts equals approximately 42% of the EU total power capacity and a third of the US total power capacity. Coal and oil sales will soon be replaced by green energy trade. My carbon pricing increase proposal will benefit renewable energy investment for both regions and will deliver the results our planet needs to overcome climate change.<br /><br /><b>Primary Proposal</b><br /><br />Our planet’s critical climate condition forces the EU and US to accelerate the electric transportation transition via investment capital mobilization. We must follow the steps listed in my policy statement to achieve our 2030 goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius and becoming climate neutral by 2050. The EU and US can accelerate the e-mobility transition by incentivizing renewable resourcing in large industries and eliminating the sales of polluting vehicles. The transportation sector requires the most development because it is the most polluting industry, and it impacts many aspects of daily life. Respective governments must implement stronger legislation regarding carbon pricing, sustainable subsidies, and tax credits. Most importantly, President Biden and EU Commissioners must work together to incentivize renewable energy use by proving its cost effectiveness. Increasing the BIL and IRA clean transportation budgets via carbon pricing will reduce private corporation GHG emissions. These funds will later be returned to corporations that show climate change mitigation progress. Business and consumer behavior is almost always profit oriented. The ultimate solution aligns with being environment oriented. EU and US climate neutrality will be achieved by 2050 for our planet’s sake or future generations will be left with this burden and suffer the consequences.<div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicufcjEOtBA1x2kB43ZpnV-8KRTPxOYDjBo578ZP_MQ7wJzREXab1odfCA3fXqKB2m8X9uyyAoxTj1MeZMEfOW-UiGWBl863TZL4Qgw6LMdMfk89sh9q6fiJda5aVxKDufe0dAj4AK74so1UdnCtFWJk5VTe-QUhl_E8pOoEVFRvf2ru5dHhzfTsd-5gc/s974/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="547" data-original-width="974" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicufcjEOtBA1x2kB43ZpnV-8KRTPxOYDjBo578ZP_MQ7wJzREXab1odfCA3fXqKB2m8X9uyyAoxTj1MeZMEfOW-UiGWBl863TZL4Qgw6LMdMfk89sh9q6fiJda5aVxKDufe0dAj4AK74so1UdnCtFWJk5VTe-QUhl_E8pOoEVFRvf2ru5dHhzfTsd-5gc/w541-h305/Picture1.png" width="541" /></a></div><div><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxe4NBkghrTrYzDBWf27KhPScYKkdRDvnAlIY0hLRave7Zan5niuAYMt8squLAXPMJYzNZral-TEduJsLv2pUtVLVl4gOMfjzVyOhEZvx1lK-112OMe1k2whjmMEbMq-b54tBSovyUOb7dsbwAjgyhNO69hgpHHUxg6B9CXt4mPxtBkdDRSsJR2AGOb1Q/s974/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="974" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxe4NBkghrTrYzDBWf27KhPScYKkdRDvnAlIY0hLRave7Zan5niuAYMt8squLAXPMJYzNZral-TEduJsLv2pUtVLVl4gOMfjzVyOhEZvx1lK-112OMe1k2whjmMEbMq-b54tBSovyUOb7dsbwAjgyhNO69hgpHHUxg6B9CXt4mPxtBkdDRSsJR2AGOb1Q/w547-h309/Picture2.png" width="547" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">The EU EV market exceeds the US EV market two-fold and exceeds the US in public transportation revenue. Goal is to decrease these gaps but at the same time to increase revenue for both sectors exponentially via capital investment.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 24px;">Works Cited</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">“FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Standards and Major Progress for a Made-in-America National Network of Electric Vehicle Chargers.” <i>The White House</i>, 15 Feb. 2023, </span><a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/02/15/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-standards-and-major-progress-for-a-made-in-america-national-network-of-electric-vehicle-chargers/" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/02/15/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-standards-and-major-progress-for-a-made-in-america-national-network-of-electric-vehicle-chargers/</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">“Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” <i>Environmental Protection Agency</i>, </span><a href="http://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#transportation" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#transportation</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">. Accessed 10 July 2023.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">“About Carbon Pricing.” <i>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</i>, </span><a href="https://unfccc.int/about-us/regional-collaboration-centres/the-ciaca/about-carbon-pricing#What-are-the-benefits-of-carbon-pricing?-" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">unfccc.int/about-us/regional-collaboration-centres/the-ciaca/about-carbon-pricing#What-are-the-benefits-of-carbon-pricing?-</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">. Accessed 10 July 2023.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">“Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.” <i>Federal Transit Administration</i>, 26 June 2023, </span><a href="http://www.transit.dot.gov/BIL" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">www.transit.dot.gov/BIL</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">“Carbon Pricing in the United States.” <i>Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development</i>, 2022, </span><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjv68unhIWAAxV_jYkEHfsSDLMQFnoECA0QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Ftax%2Ftax-policy%2Fcarbon-pricing-united-states.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3GZYy7zCAtQHBYdIhe9Ywm&opi=89978449" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjv68unhIWAAxV_jYkEHfsSDLMQFnoECA0QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Ftax%2Ftax-policy%2Fcarbon-pricing-united-states.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3GZYy7zCAtQHBYdIhe9Ywm&opi=89978449</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">“Electric Vehicles - EU-27 and United States.” <i>Statista</i>, </span><a href="http://www.statista.com/outlook/mmo/electric-vehicles/custom?currency=usd&locale=en&token=YFMFFz9ZsT7khRhhS6S-fAtR4ui6PIlK74saAL9zZU6_EtNiS-b0YhjBr0cQJlnG1t38CEHJiPs-XfjvZAh8AZkKD3ukgTWYKw%3D%3D" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">www.statista.com/outlook/mmo/electric-vehicles/custom?currency=usd&locale=en&token=YFMFFz9ZsT7khRhhS6S-fAtR4ui6PIlK74saAL9zZU6_EtNiS-b0YhjBr0cQJlnG1t38CEHJiPs-XfjvZAh8AZkKD3ukgTWYKw%3D%3D</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">. Accessed 10 July 2023.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">“Electrifying Transportation.” <i>Portland General Electric</i>, </span><a href="https://portlandgeneral.com/energy-choices/electric-vehicles-charging/electrifying-transportation" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">portlandgeneral.com/energy-choices/electric-vehicles-charging/electrifying-transportation</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">. Accessed 10 July 2023.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">Elegbede, Obafemi, and Alexander Tippett. “Understanding the U.S. Renewable Energy Market: A Guide for International Investors.” <i>International Trade Administration</i>, 2022, </span><a href="http://www.trade.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/2022SelectUSARenewableEnergyGuide.pdf" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">www.trade.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/2022SelectUSARenewableEnergyGuide.pdf</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">“EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).” <i>European Commission</i>, </span><a href="https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">. Accessed 10 July 2023.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">“Fuels Consumption Still Affected by Covid-19 in 2021.” <i>Eurostat</i>, 7 Apr. 2022, </span><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220407-1" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220407-1</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">“The Investment Plan for Europe and Energy: Making the Energy Union a Reality.” <i>European Commission</i>, 14 June 2016, </span><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/de/MEMO_16_2195" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/de/MEMO_16_2195</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">Joyner, Ella. “EU Unveils Green Industry Plan to Counter US Spending Spree.” <i>DW</i>, 1 Feb. 2023, </span><a href="http://www.dw.com/en/eu-unveils-green-industrial-plan-to-counter-us-spending-spree/a-64582222" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">www.dw.com/en/eu-unveils-green-industrial-plan-to-counter-us-spending-spree/a-64582222</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">Laidlaw, Jennifer. “How the EU Aims to Transform Its Energy Mix and Boost Investment in Renewables.” <i>S&P Global</i>, 26 Aug. 2022, </span><a href="http://www.spglobal.com/esg/insights/how-the-eu-aims-to-transform-its-energy-mix-and-boost-investment-in-renewables" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">www.spglobal.com/esg/insights/how-the-eu-aims-to-transform-its-energy-mix-and-boost-investment-in-renewables</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">Leyen, Ursula von der. “The Green Deal Industrial Plan.” <i>European Commission</i>, </span><a href="http://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/green-deal-industrial-plan_en" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/green-deal-industrial-plan_en</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">. Accessed 10 July 2023.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">“Two Minutes of Sun Enough to Power a Year’s Usage of Humanity - Gulf News.” <i>Khalifa University</i>, 11 Dec. 2019, </span><a href="http://www.ku.ac.ae/two-minutes-of-sun-enough-to-power-a-year-s-usage-of-humanity-gulf-news" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">www.ku.ac.ae/two-minutes-of-sun-enough-to-power-a-year-s-usage-of-humanity-gulf-news</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">“U.S. Petroleum Consumption Decreased to a 25-Year Low in 2020.” <i>U.S. Energy Information Administration</i>, 5 Aug. 2021, </span><a href="http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=49016" style="text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=49016</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -1pt;">.</span></span></p></div><br /></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-19502108171400287182023-07-21T09:30:00.003-05:002023-07-21T09:30:00.145-05:00The Climate Conundrum: Assessing Implications of Deglobalization for Climate Change Mitigation<i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFvux8eI86gGfGHwQxelZMTM6WrW3J8FsUdJhsO0JrqVZSwGJNOH1uRyV0PJ1mG8YmWFLPSf8GwTFym7jK5uW1fhdtzO1DBlvnIC49-f8ZZ64-aM4U_-23RQ80dxTKxMu7DkXxF1mz1D4cb2SOC65MoK5wIdzhC2Bv4h4TfKS-5B5LABp0PKTImt6LZ_I/s845/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="845" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFvux8eI86gGfGHwQxelZMTM6WrW3J8FsUdJhsO0JrqVZSwGJNOH1uRyV0PJ1mG8YmWFLPSf8GwTFym7jK5uW1fhdtzO1DBlvnIC49-f8ZZ64-aM4U_-23RQ80dxTKxMu7DkXxF1mz1D4cb2SOC65MoK5wIdzhC2Bv4h4TfKS-5B5LABp0PKTImt6LZ_I/s320/Picture1.png" width="320" /></a></div>by Zsófia Győrfi (Hungary)</i><br /><br /><b>Abstract</b><br /><br />The deglobalization of trade is a growing trend that could have significant implications for efforts to mitigate climate change. While a shift towards more localized trade structures could reduce transportation-related emissions and promote sustainable consumption, reduced trade could also make it harder to achieve economies of scale in green technologies and to coordinate international climate action. I examine the potential implications of trade deglobalization on climate change mitigation and identify key challenges and opportunities for policymakers in promoting a decarbonized and localized trade structure. Carbon pricing may encourage businesses to localize, while funding green research and development will allow more agility in the transition to renewable transportation methods. In addition, I make policy recommendations to combat the negative impacts of globalization on vulnerable communities, to mitigate climate poverty, with the establishment of global funds and resilience building programs. This policy statement highlights the significance of international cooperation and the urgency to act.<br /><br />"There can be no effective climate policy without the peace ... There are still many for whom climate change is just rhetoric or marketing ... but not real action ... They are the ones who start wars of aggression when the planet cannot afford a single gunshot because it needs global joint action” stated Volodymyr Zelenskyy, the President of Ukraine at COP27 in Sharm El-Sheikh last year. The urgency to act has become more and more prevalent in recent years, although the acts themselves seem to follow only scarcely. To this day, climate change mitigation is an act of superficiality for many as the economic factors of growth and the status quo of false well-being indicators such as GDP persist to rule the opinion of the general public. Decoupling economic growth from climate change mitigation requires a fundamental shift in how we think about and approach economic development. <br /><br />The deglobalization of trade is a growing trend that could have significant implications for efforts to mitigate climate change. While a shift towards more localized trade structures could reduce transportation-related emissions and promote sustainable consumption, reduced trade could also make it harder to achieve economies of scale in renewable energy technologies and to coordinate international climate action. The aim of this project is to explore the options deglobalization offers on the road to achieving a 55% reduction in greenhouse gases (GHG) by 2030. This policy statement highlights the social and ecological consequences of globalization and climate change. It then offers policy proposal remedies. <br /><b><br />Trade Deglobalization and Climate Change Mitigation</b><br /><br />Research shows the current trend of global trade and geopolitics is taking a turn from a globalized world to something called „Fragmentegration” (Korteweg, 2022). As the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s war on Ukraine, as well as global vulnerabilities of supply chains and international relationships have highlighted, it has become clear for many that economic dependencies are no longer the future. The unstable nature of geopolitics is putting supply lines at risk. International trade is taking on a more normative approach – the production and delivery of goods and services is receiving an increased amount of attention. This shift towards a modern day protectionism is encouraging countries to strengthen regional relationships like Asia’s Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement (Takefman, 2023) Meanwhile, the rest of the world is looking at the United States, China or the EU to establish the pattern for the current trends, as these economies are influential in standard practice setting. A new headwind is blowing – limits to openness; because more governments are recognizing the threats and crimes of their trade partners, be that the Russian invasion of Ukraine or the human rights violation that is being committed in China’s Xinjiang region. Volatile partners pose serious liabilities in an already difficult environment (Korteweg, 2022).<br /><br />The relationship between trade and climate change is an intricate one. On one hand, the free movement of goods and information, plus international collaboration, can accelerate climate change mitigation. On the other hand, climate change poses a large threat for trade, and the globalized world has been emitting far beyond our limits. A reduction in trade will lead to a significant decrease in emissions, especially in the transport sector. It should be noted that shifting to more local production will put more pressure on domestic economies in terms of emissions, therefore severe environmental regulations must be adopted everywhere (UNCTAD, 2022). In theory, deglobalization could halt the adoption of global climate change mitigation efforts and renewable energy technologies. International cooperation is urgent and indispensable. <br /><br />Neoliberal trade that prioritizes economic growth inevitably leads to unsustainable practices and is detrimental to the environment. However, some claim that purely seeking to achieve environmental objectives will have serious economic consequences such as a higher unemployment rate. (It is important to note that others envision the transition to a renewable energy economy creating millions of jobs.) The prices of goods will increase, making the overall situation difficult, especially for marginalized people. There must be an equilibrium on the scale that is balancing the world economy and sustainability, and for this innovation is crucial.<br /><b><br />Challenges and Opportunities for a Decarbonized and Localized Trade Structure</b><br /><br />Time is not on our side, as a little over 6 years is left until our CO2 budget is exceeded in the scenario where global temperature change is limited to 1.5 degrees Celsius (MCC Berlin, 2021). The era of high-impact decision making has arrived. While necessary policies and their implementation are costly, the costs and damages associated with low-impact policies in the long run are much higher to anyone who values life. A holistic approach is needed with equally distributed efforts – carbon pricing, research and development (R&D) and compensation complementing each other. <br /><br />Currently, the green R&D sector is lacking momentum. The key here is incentivizing the private sector with the right tools, as the COVID-19 pandemic showed with the development of vaccines. Therefore a new UN agency could be established to promote green technologies , just as the US set up the DARPA (Blanchard et al., 2022). The United Nations Agency for Green Research and Development could be a collaborative effort of world-class scientists cofunded by private investors, funding projects with risk-return tradeoff. With the gray matter of the entire world available, future technological advancements would have more chance to flourish with proper funding and strict governance to avoid lobbying. Projects could be distributed to universities and other research entities as well. It is important to prioritize the role of scientists and involve them maximally in decision making.<br /><br />Circling back to trade regulations, carbon market policy is urgent. The European Union has just introduced its Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) complementary to its Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) as part of the EU Green Deal to cut emissions by 55% in 2030. Carbon pricing has an incredibly unpopular nature – it’s enough to take a look at the Gilets Jaunes in France. People are less likely to oppose policy decisions they cannot directly experience affecting them, compared to one that they themselves deem negative (for example causing higher fuel prices). The CBAM aims to capture carbon leakage coming from Europe and offsets that by putting a carbon price on imported goods based on their carbon content, thus propelling industries to reduce emissions (European Council, 2023). However, the CBAM falls short in some areas. With a more ambitious proposal, the Commission should expand the list of sectors covered to include all heavy polluters and indirect emissions as well (Ruggiero, 2022). Incorporating these entities into the CBAM would lead to greater environmental benefits, since it would motivate importers to switch to cleaner production methods and invest in renewable energy to power their processes. Targeting direct and indirect emissions would successfully stimulate manufacturers to keep production sites local, therefore shortening supply lines. Shorter supply chains would allow the transportation sector to cut back on emissions and leverage green technologies as they have more possibilities using renewables on shorter distances. <br /><br /><b>Mitigating Climate Poverty</b><br /><br />It is not only the CBAM that fails to address the potential harm it may cause to developing countries and how to mitigate these risks. Globalization has been a double-edged sword. While economic growth and living standards have been climbing, it capitalized off of local labor, destroying domestic industries and degrading the environment. The benefits of globalization have been distributed unequally, resulting in further social polarization. The risks of climate change jeopardize the future of developing countries as they are more exposed to the imminent environmental and health threats and their economies are highly dependent foreign markets. Climate policies coming from the Global North must be highly considerate of other countries and effectively mitigate all burdens new initiatives might cause, ensuring a fair and just climate change mitigation process.<br /><br />Climate poverty stems from existing inequalities caused by the exploitation of the Least-Developed Countries (LDCs). It is forecasted that 1.2 billion people will be displaced by 2050 due to severe weather changes, the degradation of agriculture, high sea levels, natural disasters, and loss of biodiversity. Although 2050 seems far away, for millions of people this is already reality, and they are experiencing climate change first-hand. Currently, only temporary relief is available, as we are yet to come up with feasible and just long-term solutions (Guivarch et al., 2021)<br /><br />The disproportionate risk these communities face requires well-rounded, high-impact resilience building strategies, so the climate change related national and international security threats don’t reverse the gains the Sustainable Development Goals have made. There is a stronger need than ever for international cooperation, which has finally made a step forward at COP27 with the establishment of the loss and damage fund (UNFCCC, 2020). Time is of the essence in this case, although the parties have pledged to work out the details over the coming year with the COP 27 Loss and Damage Fund, the necessity for quicker and more progressive plans is there. Efforts should be made to redistribute carbon price revenues for mitigation purposes and resilience building in LDCs. Programmes for high-resilience should include better insurance systems, especially in the regions with severe weather incidents and a standardized regulatory system for construction. To further green R&D advancements, patents regarding regional issues should be locally distributed. Wealthy countries must ensure the transition to a low-carbon economy in a far way in poorer regions, otherwise all mitigation efforts are an exercise in futility.<br /><b><br />Towards a Sustainable Future</b><br /><br />Deglobalization could be either the savior or destoryer of our world as we know it. There is a fine balance to be found in utilizing what a globalized world can offer to accelerate climate change mitigation efforts and successfully establish a well-functioning and fair international cooperation. <br /><br />The suggested policy proposals serve to demonstrate a more vigorous attempt at achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement by 2030. Emission reduction in the transport sector, as well as carbon pricing have to become more rigorous and durable. Money needs to be redirected into green R&D to ensure new green technological innovation. Developing countries require external help as their situation is more dire. Climate change is a race against the clock but it is not a race of countries against each other – it is the developed countries’ duty to make sure climate policy is implemented without burdens or constraints on developing countries.<div><b><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Works Cited</span></span></b></div><div><b><br /></b><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 30pt; text-indent: -30pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="HU"> </span></i><span lang="HU">Korteweg, R. (2022). <i>“Fragmentegration”: a new chapter for globalisation | ISPI</i>. (2022). ISPI.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 30pt; text-indent: -30pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="HU"><a href="https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/fragmentegration-new-chapter-globalisation-36614"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/fragmentegration-new-chapter-globalisation-36614</span></a></span><span lang="HU"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 30pt; text-indent: -30pt;"><span lang="HU"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;">Takefman, B. (2023, March 22). <i>Exploring Asia’s Major Free Trade Agreement: The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) - ResearchFDI</i>. ResearchFDI. </span><span lang="HU"><a href="https://researchfdi.com/resources/articles/rcep-asia-free-trade-agreement/"><span style="color: #0563c1; line-height: 17.120001px;">https://researchfdi.com/resources/articles/rcep-asia-free-trade-agreement/</span></a></span><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;">Remaining carbon budget - Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)</span></i><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;">. (2021). Mcc-Berlin.net. </span><span lang="HU"><a href="https://www.mcc-berlin.net/en/research/co2-budget.html"><span style="color: #0563c1; line-height: 17.120001px;">https://www.mcc-berlin.net/en/research/co2-budget.html</span></a></span><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;">Making trade work for climate change mitigation: The case of technical regulations</span></i><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;">. (n.d.). Retrieved May 12, 2023, from </span><span lang="HU"><a href="https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditctab2022d7_en.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1; line-height: 17.120001px;">https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditctab2022d7_en.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;">I., Blanchard, O. J., Gollier, C., & Tirole, J. (2022). The portfolio of economic policies needed to fight climate change. <i>SSRN Electronic Journal</i>. </span><span lang="HU"><a href="https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4276886"><span style="color: #0563c1; line-height: 17.120001px;">https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4276886</span></a></span><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;"><i> Fit for 55: how does the EU intend to address the emissions outside of the EU?</i> (2023, April 26). Europa.eu; European Council. </span><span lang="HU"><a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/fit-for-55-cbam-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/"><span style="color: #0563c1; line-height: 17.120001px;">https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/fit-for-55-cbam-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;"></span><i><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 19.973333px;"> </span></i><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;">Ruggiero, A. (2022). <i>How to make the EU’s carbon border tax effective and fair - Carbon Market Watch</i>. (2022, January 20). Carbonmarketwatch.org. </span><span lang="HU"><a href="https://carbonmarketwatch.org/2022/01/20/how-to-make-the-eus-carbon-border-tax-effective-and-fair/"><span style="color: #0563c1; line-height: 17.120001px;">https://carbonmarketwatch.org/2022/01/20/how-to-make-the-eus-carbon-border-tax-effective-and-fair/</span></a></span><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;">Guivarch, C., Taconet, N. & Méjean, A. (2021).</span><i><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 19.973333px;"> </span></i><i><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;">Linking Climate and Inequality</span></i><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;">. IMF. </span><span lang="HU"><a href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2021/09/climate-change-and-inequality-guivarch-mejean-taconet"><span style="color: #0563c1; line-height: 17.120001px;">https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2021/09/climate-change-and-inequality-guivarch-mejean-taconet</span></a></span><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 19.973333px;"><i> </i></span><i><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;">Establishing a dedicated fund for loss and damage | UNFCCC</span></i><span lang="HU" style="line-height: 17.120001px;">. (2020). Unfccc.int. </span><span lang="HU"><span style="color: #0563c1; line-height: 17.120001px;"><a href="https://unfccc.int/establishing-a-dedicated-fund-for-loss-and-damage">https://unfccc.int/establishing-a-dedicated-fund-for-loss-and-damage</a></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span lang="HU" style="font-size: 12pt;"><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-53343338225287068092023-07-21T08:55:00.000-05:002023-07-21T08:58:25.618-05:00Reaching 2030 Paris Agreement Goals with Effective Carbon Market Design<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM1ZaMH2v1WH7ozBZGEBI4CLEUPgexlPDYAUWjFyIV2i8YNP0uIqUOnNXwmEWPrqpPAX9wPehna1KB33GMRqBYyk0SOgAWzgjmO-SpoZpQ6VmbqmETR7Nq-eKaDGbqr7lafBIemTvUDKuinXB1zmovfJFbWt1j1XIVVrXIakCGvjRg6XOfl0VTyR0RHg8/s616/Gallinaitis.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><i><img border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="616" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM1ZaMH2v1WH7ozBZGEBI4CLEUPgexlPDYAUWjFyIV2i8YNP0uIqUOnNXwmEWPrqpPAX9wPehna1KB33GMRqBYyk0SOgAWzgjmO-SpoZpQ6VmbqmETR7Nq-eKaDGbqr7lafBIemTvUDKuinXB1zmovfJFbWt1j1XIVVrXIakCGvjRg6XOfl0VTyR0RHg8/s320/Gallinaitis.png" width="320" /></i></a></div><i>by Hannah Gallinaitis (United States)<br /></i><b><br />Abstract </b><br /><br />Climate change is a significant issue because it has the potential to cause widespread environmental, social, and economic impacts. CO2 emissions are a leading driver of climate change, causing heat to be trapped inside the earth's atmosphere and increasing global temperatures. To mitigate the effects of climate change carbon offsets have been established which are then bought in carbon markets in the form of carbon credits sold by project developers or intermediaries. In the past, carbon markets have failed because the offset investments were not additional to pre-existing measures being taken, resulting in more harm than good. Rebuilding carbon markets in a responsible and transparent way with a set of required core principles will deliver robust, quantifiable, and climate-positive outcomes. The most effective method to accelerate climate change mitigation and reach our Paris Agreement goals to reduce greenhouse gasses (GHG) by 50% in 2030 is to implement a new carbon market design. <br /><br /><b>Introduction</b> <br /><br />A key movement for the development of net zero was the 2015 Paris Agreement. The overall agreement of this landmark treaty was that global warming should be limited to no more than 1.5 degrees Celsius to reduce the risks of devastating impacts. Many scientists were very skeptical that this was possible, given the absence of radical proposals.Scientists soon realized it was impossible to get their models to decarbonize as fast as 1.5 required with continuous economic growth. The only way to make the models work was by introducing carbon removal, where any concerns with this are brushed away with the sheer enthusiasm that surrounds these technologies. <br /><br />We believe large-scale carbon removal will work because it must work, but even emerging at scale, they are very expensive to run. Some studies estimate many trillions of US dollars with no evident economic benefit because the carbon is just hidden underground.<br /><br />Carbon markets are not uniformly delivering what they promise, and many believe they may be making things worse. However, they are a mechanism to provide investment in vital natural solutions. If done differently, carbon markets can bring significant money to people and places that need it. By providing strong incentives for companies and organizations to neutralize and reduce total emissions with carbon markets, we can reach the 2030 Paris Agreement goal of eliminating GHG emissions by 50%. <br /><b><br />Current Carbon Markets <br /></b><br />We can avoid a climate catastrophe, but we cannot until we confront our wishful thinking about net zero to ensure local communities benefit from this growing industry. A ton of carbon is not just a ton of carbon, it embodies natural protection, community interests, and benefits as well as helping save us from disastrous climate change. We designed carbon markets with various assumptions: carbon markets perpetuate the notion that our forests and peatlands are all about carbon, overlooking the ecosystem services they provide, such as clean water, nutritious food, and biodiversity and its related services such as pollination.<br /><br />Companies are prepared to pay for carbon because it helps them to tick either a compliance box or the public relations boxes. Carbon markets imply we can continue with our fossil fuel-driven lifestyles and offset our externalities, perhaps even our guilt, on poor local communities. The complicated and costly reporting and verification systems end up taking up most of the revenue that is then coming from carbon, and local communities get the leftovers – if they are lucky. The value and price of carbon, compared to alternative land uses such as mining and fossil fuel extraction, has been far too low for far too long. What we’re witnessing is governments continuing to issue permits for mining and oil exploration in some of the most critical ecosystems in the global south. We have many nature-based conservation organizations protecting and restoring our ecosystems, and they are wondering how they can be a part of this carbon market. Their ability to monetize carbon that they sequester is crucial for their long-term survival and the impact we all want. <br /><b><br />Redesigning the Market </b><br /><br />Now that we have seen what existing carbon markets miss on the ground and what is not working, we must reshape the system to generate the positive outcomes we want. The carbon market can be used as a powerful tool to solve the climate crisis, but we have been thinking about it the wrong way. Important climate outcomes that the carbon market could help to achieve are reducing fossil emissions promptly, protecting natural carbon sinks, and removing CO2 from the atmosphere. In most people's minds, these outcomes are combined as one generic offset, but they must be separated because these outcomes need different incentives. Carbon credits can help by creating clean infrastructure in places where it would not have happened otherwise.<br /><br /><b>Companies Must Change</b><br /><br /> According to an NPR study, a handful of companies have pledged more removals than the entire world can provide (The Associated Press). At a global level, the IPCC has made abundantly clear, removing CO2 from the atmosphere will be essential for limiting global warming. Companies need to change the narrative from “we are no longer a part of the problem if we neutralized our emissions” to “we are part of a global solution to climate change.” They must not just imitate what needs to happen globally but take actions that beneficially advance a global net-zero outcome, including prioritizing emission reductions over removals urgently. Secondly, companies should focus on making equitable contributions to global goals including near-term support for emission reductions outside their value chains. Third, companies should connect with larger policy efforts. No company acting on its own can solve the climate crisis, and we urgently need to focus attention on collective action. Companies that are truly focused on net zero need to support climate policies at all levels of government and internationally that advance an equitable, comprehensive, and coordinated global transition. <br /><br /><b>Core Carbon Principles </b><br /><br />We need a set of required core principles to build a market that delivers robust, quantifiable, and climate-positive outcomes (Core Carbon Principles). The voluntary carbon market is driven by private sector actors, and it is not regulated by governments or financial authorities. Unregulated does not mean chaotic or opaque. To design an effective market we need integrity. Markets are always looking for a new product to sell, and today that product is carbon. Companies will be incentivized to buy carbon credits because they present a way to make more profit by reducing their carbon emissions and then selling and trading them. Without governmental and political drivers, the carbon market can work to serve its true purpose. <br /><br />Five core carbon principles will address the most critical elements of credit quality. First, additionality, the emission reduction would not have happened without the revenue from carbon credits. Next, permanence, reductions and removals will stand the test of time, and if they do not then they will be fully compensated. An example of permanence is a forest project that issues carbon credits that is then destroyed in a wildfire, in this case, the forest project will be fully compensated for. Third, robust quantification, the impact of the credits is accurately measured and accounted for based on science. Fourth is validation and verification, the numbers are genuine and meaningful and validated and verified by an accredited body that has the integrity to do that job robustly. Finally, no double counting, a carbon credit is registered and issued only once and the emissions reductions and removals that the credit generates will only be claimed by one party. With the implementation of these core carbon principles into the carbon market, we can transition to net zero emissions with sustainable development impacts and safeguards <br /><br /><b>Accelerating to 2030 and Beyond </b><br /><br />The establishment and maintenance of effective carbon markets are crucial in our global effort to combat climate change and accelerate toward reaching our 2030 Paris Agreement goals. By incentivizing emission reductions and a set of core carbon principles, carbon markets offer a viable solution to address the challenges posed by carbon emissions. However, for these markets to be truly effective, they must be designed and implemented with careful consideration of transparency, integrity, and inclusivity. Furthermore, international cooperation and coordination are essential to ensure the harmonization and compatibility of carbon markets across borders. It is only through integrity and robust markets that we can achieve meaningful progress in reducing emissions, protecting our environment, and securing a livable planet for future generations.<br /><b style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"><br /></b><div><div style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"><b>Works Cited</b></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 14pt 0in 14pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">“As Multiple Crises Threaten Sustainable Development Goals, Sharing Science, Technology Key for Global Progress, Speakers Say as Economic and Social Council Forum Opens | UN Press.” <i>United Nations</i>, 3 May 2023, press.un.org/en/2023/ecosoc7125.doc.htm. Accessed 15 May 2023<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 14pt 0in 14pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">“Championing and Accelerating Solutions to the Climate Crisis.” <i>TED Countdown</i>, countdown.ted.com/. Accessed 16 May 2023. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 14pt 0in 14pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">“Core Carbon Principles.” <i>ICVCM</i>, 3 May 2023, icvcm.org/the-core-carbon-principles/. Accessed 15 May 2023<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 14pt 0in 14pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Peters, Glen P, et al. “Measuring a Fair and Ambitious Climate Agreement Using Cumulative Emissions.” <i>Environmental Research Letters</i>, 11 Sept. 2015, iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/105004. Accessed 15 May 2023<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 14pt 0in 14pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Associated Press. “Corporate Climate Pledges Are Weaker than They Seem, a New Study Reports.” <i>NPR</i>, 8 Feb. 2022, www.npr.org/2022/02/07/1079009751/corporate-climate-pledges-are-weaker-than-they-seem-a-new-study-reports. Accessed 15 May 2023<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 14pt 0in 14pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">“United Nations Carbon Offset Platform.” <i>UNFCCC.Int</i>, unfccc.int/climate-action/united-nations-carbon-offset-platform. Accessed 15 May 2023. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 14pt 0in 14pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">“What Are Carbon Markets and Why Are They Important?” <i>UNDP Climate Promise</i>, 30 June 2022, climatepromise.undp.org/news-and-stories/what-are-carbon-markets-and-why-are-they-important. Accessed 15 May 2023</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-59541632125531206372023-07-20T17:00:00.005-05:002023-07-20T17:00:00.155-05:00 Education for Climate Coalition for Climate Change Education to Inspire an Aware, Vocal and Empowered Society<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYbvAQ_InBFCK54gsJ29-VBYuSqB0TpYz-0Io_Kt8dnSnfxZzUBhy8MjVMY9QKfgYHfV2-KZyhY73fCiGND2uUfmCrLTvyaFgb-9n5sHHE88b20oZDBAAKOrNq-MMH6O-4pM8hf9CkbkZ2vus2b3qJqMM-Sc1AurdxB_H2uNx4fYhnBf8l0W3DHw-W66M/s1280/hands-gf3875bd88_1280.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1280" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYbvAQ_InBFCK54gsJ29-VBYuSqB0TpYz-0Io_Kt8dnSnfxZzUBhy8MjVMY9QKfgYHfV2-KZyhY73fCiGND2uUfmCrLTvyaFgb-9n5sHHE88b20oZDBAAKOrNq-MMH6O-4pM8hf9CkbkZ2vus2b3qJqMM-Sc1AurdxB_H2uNx4fYhnBf8l0W3DHw-W66M/s320/hands-gf3875bd88_1280.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><i>by Anna Larissa Fischer (Austria)</i><div><br /><b>Abstract</b><br /><br />The European Union (EU) has set a goal to reduce emissions by 55% compared to 1990 levels in 2030 and reach climate neutrality in 2050. The Education for Climate Coalition (ECC), introduced by the EU Commission in December 2020, strives to contribute by holding workshops, conferences, and competitions to engage teachers and students. Due to the extreme urgency of climate change mitigation, ECC should promote a Climate Change Education (CCE) subject in all European Union member states from the beginning of primary to the the end of higher education programs. The courses at each level should include expert sessions, excursions, and other activities that inspire more vocal EU citizens to hold politicians and businesses accountable and contribute to climate change mitigation in their personal and professional lives, therefore making significant contributions to reaching the EU 2030 goal.<br /> <br /><b>Tackling the Climate Change Crisis</b><br /><br />Climate change is the largest and most pressing crisis of our time. Practices like unsustainable energy use or consumption cause GHG emissions to rise. This leads to an increase in global temperatures, triggering many climate extremes and natural catastrophes.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn1">[1]</a> The European Union has responded by setting a goal of achieving a 55% emissions reduction compared to 1990 levels in 2030 and ultimately climate neutrality in 2050.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn2">[2]</a> To achieve this, the EU initiated the European Green Deal and designed a program called Education for Climate Coalition (ECC) in December 2020, which aims to link education and science by training teachers and raising awareness to change behaviors.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn3">[3]</a> To reach the EU’s 2030 goal, the ECC, which is currently operating in the form of conferences and workshops, should promote a subject called Climate Change Education (CCE) that is implemented in all European Union member states from the first grade on until the end of higher education. The aim should be in-depth knowledge that is built up through consecutive lessons, interaction with experts, as well as excursions and other forms of climate action. It should inspire an aware, vocal, and empowered society that in addition to self-determined action holds politicians and decision-makers accountable and sets an example for the rest of the world. </div><div><br /><b>Impact of Households on European Union Emissions</b><br /><br />Emissions are regularly attributed to economic sectors, in a so-called sector-based approach.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn4">[4]</a> An alternative way of counting emissions is the consumption-based approach, which is commonly used in the context of per capita emissions. For consumption, value chain emissions of goods and services are assessed, which are then attributed to the final consumers.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn5">[5]</a> They are a large driver of GHG discharges, especially in developed countries. For instance, Marja Salo and Ari Nissinen found that household consumption accounts for 70% of global GHG emissions, which could be decreased by 60% only by making more conscious consumption choices.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn6">[6]</a> A study by C40 Cities found, that 80% of 79 representative cities all over the world have larger consumption-based emissions than sector-based emissions,<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn7">[7]</a>whereas a study by Daniel Moran et. al. states, that the European Union’s footprint could be reduced by 25% merely by the adoption of green consumption habits.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn8">[8]</a> This makes consumption a highly relevant issue in the climate change mitigation discussion, which can be addressed by educating citizens to make conscious consumption choices while also having a positive impact in their careers.<br /><br /><b>The Education for Climate Coalition (ECC)</b><br /><br />Research shows that education can have a significant impact on long-term behavioral change.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn9">[9]</a> Therefore, educating citizens on climate change and sustainable consumption is an effective measure to reduce consumption-based GHG emissions. In 2020, the European Union started the Education for Climate Coalition (ECC), a participatory initiative that is part of the EU Green Deal.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn10">[10]</a> Its main priorities are training teachers and bridging education with science to change behaviors and to make a sustainable future possible. The ECC features a web portal focusing on co-implementation, where EU citizens can sign up, exchange ideas and create impact by organizing workshops, events and competitions.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn11">[11]</a> People in several official roles are responsible for organizing the platform and ensuring a vibrant, active and respectful community exchange. For instance, the Climate Secretariat is responsible for the coordination of the program, the Climate Community Advisory Group, which consists of community members, gives recommendations to the Secretariat and Climate National Coordinators are responsible for a well-planned execution of the ECC in the EU countries.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn12">[12]</a> Some of these responsibilities are currently held by people with various professions as a non-full-time commitment, which ensures diversity. It might also stand in the way of developing the full potential of the education initiative. Individuals working on the successful implementation of the ECC should therefore be fully employed by the European Union, with wages being funded with help of the €1 trillion assigned to the implementation of the Green Deal.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn13">[13]</a></div><div><br /><b>School Subject “Climate Change Education (CCE)”</b><br /><br />While the ECC already has a substantial reach and positive impact, to achieve the EU 2030 and 2050 targets, the topic of education should be prioritized further. A school subject called Climate Change Education (CCE) should be implemented in all EU member states from the first grade on, targeting primary schools, high schools, as well as higher education. Teachers, scientists, politicians, and decision-makers should be included in the creation of the program to ensure an optimal structure and effect. The backbone of the course should consist of consecutive lessons that build up over time and have main subject standards, being held 3-4 hours a week. This would guarantee that climate change is treated as a priority, which would impact student values, their families, and society as a whole.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn14">[14]</a> The course should build a bridge between other subjects by inspiring synchronized teaching and course collaboration. The inclusion of mandatory excursions as well as guest lectures would draw a connection to the real world and give students the possibility to familiarize themselves with possible future career paths and to learn how they can contribute to climate change mitigation in their personal lives. CCE should build on the current participatory approach of the ECC, meaning that the course is implemented in a bottom-up way with co-design and constant adaptation to new ideas of community members. The current ECC platform should be used to enable students to interact with peers and experts transnationally, to get active themselves by organizing events and to stay connected and engaged throughout the courses. This might, for instance, result in student-organized events, where students can work on technological sustainability options with natural science experts, in informative talks on sustainable consumption or even in transnational legislative and judicial action or business boycotts. The ECC platform should function as a catalyst for impact beyond schools and engage anyone interested in participating. </div><div><br /><b>Implementation</b><br /><br />While education can have a substantial effect on behavioral change, it can take up to 2-3 months after the completion of an educational program for significant transformation to be noticed.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn15">[15]</a> With the 2030 goal in mind, it is therefore crucial to fast-track CCE implementation. The school course Ethics, which was implemented in Austria in September 2021, can serve as an example. Ethics has existed in form of course trial runs since the early 2000s. Almost 20 years later, the Austrian “Schul-Organisations-Gesetz” was changed in November 2020 to make it a mandatory subject in Austrian schools.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn16">[16]</a> The curriculum was introduced in June 2021 with the official and final subject introduction in September 2021. The establishment of a bachelor’s degree for Ethics teachers in October 2021 completed the implementation process.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn17">[17]</a><br /><br />Taking Ethics as an inspiration, the introduction of CCE could be fully realized within one year, including a shortened version of the trial run, which could start in September 2024. This would give responsible stakeholders, for example the Climate Secretariat, the Climate Community Advisory Group and the Climate National Coordinators, more than one year from now to prepare the necessary processes and create an outline of the course. In November 2024, the Austrian “Schul-Organisations-Gesetz”, together with laws in all other EU member states, should be changed to make CCE a mandatory subject in every European educational institution. The curriculum should be introduced in June 2025 with a final implementation of the CCE subject in September 2025, one year after the trial run begins. This would give the program more than 4 years until 2030 to have a significant impact on approximately 62 million students who are enrolled in EU universities and EU Secondary School Level (Sekundarstufe) 1 and Level 2 each year. With behavioral change being seen on average 2-3 months after the completion of an educational program (in this case four years of CCE starting in the Secondary School Level 1 counts as completion), by 2030, more than 62 million students in the EU would have completed the program, with impact brought to approximately 40 million families, which covers up to a third of the EU population.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn18">[18]</a> If consumption behavior can be changed effectively through CCE, the introduction of the school subject could thereby promise a reduction of the EU footprint of up to 25% according to Daniel Moran et. al.<a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftn19">[19]</a> This makes CCE an effective and relevant part of the EU roadmap for 2030.</div><div><b><br />Roadmap to Success<br /></b><br />There is a consensus in research that household consumption has a significant impact on EU emissions. Education can play a big role in changing behaviors, therefore, the European Union should build on the current Education for Climate Coalition (ECC) and introduce a school subject called Climate Change Education (CCE) by September 2025 in all educational institutions located in EU member states. This should provide students, their families as well as society with necessary information regarding climate change and consumption decisions and inspire EU citizens to act sustainably in their careers in all different economic sectors. Together with EU citizens holding politicians and decision-makers accountable, the implementation of CCE could trigger a reduction of the EU footprint of more than 25% and should thereby be a cornerstone in achieving the EU 2030 goal while serving as an example for the rest of the world.<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[1]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>IPCC. </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">“</span><span>Ar6 synthesis report: Climate change 2023</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">.”</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[2]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>European Commission. </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">“</span><span>2030 climate target plan. Climate Action.</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">”</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[3]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>Szkola, Susanne. “Education for climate.”</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[4]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>Statista. „Distribution of carbon dioxide emissions in the European Union in 2020, by key source.”</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[5]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>C40 Cities. “Consumption-based GHG emissions of C40 cities. Climate Action Planning.”</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[6]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>Salo, Marja; Nissinen, Ari. “Consumption choices to decrease personal carbon footprints of Finns.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[7]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>C40 Cities. “Consumption-based GHG emissions of C40 cities. Climate Action Planning.”</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[8]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>Moran, Daniel et.al. „Quantifying the potential for consumer-oriented policy to reduce European and foreign carbon emissions.“</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn9"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[9]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>Bray, Belinda; Cridge, Andrew. “Can education programmes effect long-term </span><span>behavioral change?”</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn10"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[10]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>Circular Economy Forum Austria. </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">“</span><span>European Green deal timeline.</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn11"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[11]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>Szkola, Susanne. “Education for climate.”</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn12"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[12]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>European Commission. “The Secretariat and Community Roles.”</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn13"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[13]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>Vlaanderen. “A European Green Deal.”</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn14"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[14]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>Bray, Belinda; Cridge, Andrew. “Can education programmes effect long-term </span><span>behavioral change?”</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn15"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[15]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>Bray, Belinda; Cridge, Andrew. “Can education programmes effect long-term </span><span>behavioral change?”</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn16"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[16]</span></span></span></a><sup><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span></sup><span>Fischer, Katrin. „Neues </span><span>Fach Ethik: Das Musst du Wissen.“</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn17"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[17]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>BMBWF. „Ethik – Pflichtgegenstand für alle Schülerinnen und Schüler, die keinen Schulischen Religionsunterricht Besuchen.“</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn18"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[18]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>Bray, Belinda; Cridge, Andrew. “Can education programmes effect long-term behavioural change?”; European Union. “Facts and figures on life in the European Union.”; Eurostat. „Archive: Statistiken über Hochschulbildung (tertiäre Bildung).“; Eurostat. “Archive: Statistiken über sekundare Bildung.“; Eurostat. “How many children were born in the EU in 2021?”</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn19"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="applewebdata://CB13ED09-9A91-4030-902D-ECA3C90F4C42#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span>[19]</span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span>Moran, Daniel et.al. „Quantifying the potential for consumer-oriented policy to reduce European and foreign carbon emissions.“</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Works Cited</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b>BMBWF. „Ethik – Pflichtgegenstand für alle Schülerinnen und Schüler, die keinen Schulischen Religionsunterricht Besuchen.“, <i>BMBWF</i>, n.d. (May 10, 2023), <br /><a href="https://www.bmbwf.gv.at/Themen/schule/schulpraxis/ugbm/ethik.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://www.bmbwf.gv.at/Themen/schule/schulpraxis/ugbm/ethik.html</span></a> <br /><o:p> <br /></o:p>Bray, Belinda; Cridge, Andrew. “Can education programmes effect long-term behavioral change?”, <i>International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research</i>, January 2013, (May 13, 2023), <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259313175_Can_education_programmes_effect_long-term_behavioural_change"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259313175_Can_education_programmes_effect_long-term_behavioural_change<br /></span></a><o:p> <br /></o:p>C40 Cities. “Consumption-based GHG emissions of C40 cities. Climate Action Planning.”, <i>C40 Cities</i>, March 2018, (May 10, 2023), <a href="https://cdn.locomotive.works/sites/5ab410c8a2f42204838f797e/content_entry5ab410fb74c4833febe6c81a/5ad4c0c274c4837def5d3b91/files/C40_GHGE-Report_040518.pdf?1582028445"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://cdn.locomotive.works/sites/5ab410c8a2f42204838f797e/content_entry5ab410fb74c4833febe6c81a/5ad4c0c274c4837def5d3b91/files/C40_GHGE-Report_040518.pdf?1582028445<br /></span></a><o:p> <br /></o:p>Circular Economy Forum Austria. “European Green deal timeline.” <i>Circular Economy Forum Austria</i>, n.d. (May 9, 2023), <br /><a href="https://www.circulareconomyforum.at/european-green-deal-timeline/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://www.circulareconomyforum.at/european-green-deal-timeline/</span></a> <br /><o:p> <br /></o:p>European Commission. “The Secretariat and Community Roles.”, <i>European Commission</i>, n.d. (May 4, 2023), <br /><a href="https://education-for-climate.ec.europa.eu/community/Secretariat_roles"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://education-for-climate.ec.europa.eu/community/Secretariat_roles</span></a> <br /><o:p> <br /></o:p>European Commission. “2030 climate target plan. Climate Action.”, <i>European Commission</i>, n.d. (May 4, 2023), <br /><a href="https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/european-green-deal/2030-climate-target-plan_en"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/european-green-deal/2030-climate-target-plan_en<br /></span></a><o:p> <br /></o:p>European Union. “Facts and figures on life in the European Union.”, <i>European Union</i>, n.d. (May 4, 2023), <br /><a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/key-facts-and-figures/life-eu_en"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/key-facts-and-figures/life-eu_en</span></a><br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Eurostat. “Archive: Statistiken über sekundare Bildung.“, <i>Eurostat</i>, June 2017, (May 4, 2023), <br /><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Archive:Statistiken_%C3%BCber_sekundare_Bildung"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Archive:Statistiken_über_sekundare_Bildung</span></a> <br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Eurostat. “How many children were born in the EU in 2021?”,</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">Eurostat</i><span style="font-family: inherit;">, March 2023, (May 13, 2023),</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230309-1#:~:text=Overall%2C%20there%20has%20been%20a,than%20in%202020%20at%201.50"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230309-1#:~:text=Overall%2C%20there%20has%20been%20a,</span></a><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230309-1#:~:text=Overall%2C%20there%20has%20been%20a,than%20in%202020%20at%201.50"><span style="color: #0563c1;">than%20in%202020%20at%201.50</span></a>. <br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Eurostat. „Archive: Statistiken über Hochschulbildung (tertiäre Bildung).“, <i>Eurostat</i>, March 2020, (May 13, 2023), <br /><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Archive:Statistiken_%C3%BCber_Hochschulbildung_(terti%C3%A4re_Bildung)&oldid=475915#:~:text=2016%20gab%20es%20in%20der%20EU%2D28%2019%2C6%20Mio,3%2C9%20%25%20Promotionsstudieng%C3%A4nge%20besuchten"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Archive:Statistiken_über_Hochschulbildung_(tertiäre_Bildung)&oldid=475915#:~:text=2016%20gab%20es%20in%20der%20EU%2D28%2019%2C6%20Mio,3%2C9%20%25%20Promotionsstudiengänge%20besuchten</span></a>.<br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fischer, Katrin. „Neues Fach Ethik: Das Musst du Wissen.“ <i>Kleine Kinderzeitung</i>, June 2021, (May 10, 2023), <br /><a href="https://kinderzeitung.kleinezeitung.at/neues-fach-ethik-das-musst-du-wissen/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://kinderzeitung.kleinezeitung.at/neues-fach-ethik-das-musst-du-wissen/</span></a> <br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">IPCC. “Ar6 synthesis report: Climate change 2023.”, <i>IPCC</i>, n.d. (May 4, 2023), <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/</span></a> <br /><o:p> <br /></o:p>Moran, Daniel et.al. „Quantifying the potential for consumer-oriented policy to reduce European and foreign carbon emissions.“ <i>Climate Policy</i>, 2020, (May 10, 2023), <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2018.1551186"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2018.1551186</span></a> <br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Salo, Marja; Nissinen, Ari. “Consumption choices to decrease personal carbon footprints of Finns.”, <i>Helda</i>, March 2017, (May 10, 2023), <a href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/225779"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/225779</span></a> <br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Statista. „Distribution of carbon dioxide emissions in the European Union in 2020, by key source.”, <i>Statista</i>, 2023, (May 10, 2023), <br /><a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/999398/carbon-dioxide-emissions-sources-european-union-eu/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://www.statista.com/statistics/999398/carbon-dioxide-emissions-sources-european-union-eu/</span></a> <br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Szkola, Susanne. “Education for climate.”, <i>European Commission</i>, n.d. (May 4, 2023),</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> <a href="https://education-for-climate.ec.europa.eu/community/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://education-for-climate.ec.europa.eu/community/</span></a> <br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Vlaanderen. “A European Green Deal.”, <i>Vlaanderen</i>, n.d. (May 4, 2023), <a href="https://eufundingoverview.be/funding/a-european-green-deal"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://eufundingoverview.be/funding/a-european-green-deal</span></a></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a name="_heading=h.3rdcrjn"></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a name="_heading=h.26in1rg"></a></p></div></div></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-65893241881806096422023-07-20T16:00:00.004-05:002023-07-20T16:46:10.312-05:00Urgency Addressed With Transparency; Standardized ESG Scoring System<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC0TBOK3Y9YELyJ0_A3BqlPeMz1FofdHioRJ-B9YvwWis1QwyPQZ0SK8a2RI5gwq_MszCt6AiSklctmoN4CAxuo1NxizTDAxqUt9z8pDDMNLgbh_Tr_rzsotbod8Dt9eHPPlvls3JoZLw_9AlVCYVSCbYdGoFQILghf0geAFpZAISYu025WfFiW6sdoQQ/s974/Ellstrand.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="529" data-original-width="974" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC0TBOK3Y9YELyJ0_A3BqlPeMz1FofdHioRJ-B9YvwWis1QwyPQZ0SK8a2RI5gwq_MszCt6AiSklctmoN4CAxuo1NxizTDAxqUt9z8pDDMNLgbh_Tr_rzsotbod8Dt9eHPPlvls3JoZLw_9AlVCYVSCbYdGoFQILghf0geAFpZAISYu025WfFiW6sdoQQ/s320/Ellstrand.png" width="320" /></a></div><i>by Lou Ellstrand (United States)</i><br /><b><br />Abstract</b><br /><br />Climate change is the most pressing challenge of our time, and reducing carbon emissions is key to mitigating its possibly catastrophic effects. Many have warned us that we must reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States by 50-55% by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050. This ambitious goal requires effort by all sectors of society, especially businesses, to reduce their environmental impact. As investors continue to increase their focus on sustainability, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) ratings have become a key tool for assessing companies' overall impact. ESG ratings assess a company's environmental, social, and governance performance, including policies on carbon emissions and climate change. The scores help investors identify companies that are committed to reducing their environmental impact and hold them accountable for their actions. Without a standardized scoring system, many companies are improperly scored, and it discredits the potential of ESG scoring as a mitigation tool. In this policy statement, I recommend a standardized system that pursues a transparent and consistent ESG scoring system to put the onus on large corporations to help reach our global climate change goals. In order to reach our 50% emission reduction goal by 2030, a standardized ESG scoring system must be implemented to increase corporate transparency and encourage companies to make drastic sustainable changes. <br /><br /><b> Introduction</b><br /><br />There is a global threat that has yet to be adequately addressed. Climate change poses catastrophic challenges that put our daily lives, ecosystems, and planet at risk. It is time to take action. In order to avoid any irreversible damage, it is imperative that the United States decreases its carbon emissions by 50%-55% before 2030. While individuals can and should take steps to make a personal environmental impact, the onus should be placed on large corporations and the governments who are regulating their behaviors. Many corporations are responsible for mass amounts of unnecessary waste and GHG emissions. They do not plan to stop, hoping instead to reduce their manufacturing and operating costs. Thanks to consumer pressure and increased demand for corporate transparency, it seems as if this is no longer a sustainable option for them. Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores have been implemented recently to evaluate a company’s efforts in these three sectors. Although this in theory is a great option, the system that we currently have in place is just the first step. It is time to use this tool to its full potential and explore ways to expand and rework the idea of ESG scoring to be a catalyst to completing our climate change goals. To reach our 50% emission reduction goal by 2030, a standardized ESG scoring system must be implemented to increase corporate transparency and encourage companies to make drastic sustainable changes. <br /><b><br />ESG Overview</b><br /><br />When approaching the issue of climate change, it is important to pinpoint the key contributors. Although we each play different roles in contributing to and or mitigating the effect of climate change, there is one undeniable key player – large corporations. The Guardian reported that “Just 100 companies have been the source of more than 70% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions since 1988.” These large corporations are not only powerful in terms of wealth but also in their overall impact on the world. Holding corporations accountable is a pivotal step in protecting our planet from the irreversible damage that is coming our way. There is a system in place that focuses on rating a company’s impact within different societal sectors, it is known as “ESG Scoring.” Although this tool is mainly used in the finance community to create “green” indexes and mutual funds, it is not as straightforward as it may seem. <br /><br />There is not one singular ESG scoring company or rating agency. This leaves average consumers and even portfolio managers confused and misled as each rating is based on different criteria and scored on a different scale. For example, MSCI (MSCI ESG Ratings), a leader in the ESG scoring industry, opts to use a rating system similar to that of your average creditor. Their “AA” and “AAA” ratings feel familiar to lifetime investors, and it allows them to create a false sense of credibility. Other rating agencies present their findings on different scales – Sustainalytics chooses to release “risk ratings”, ISS displays scoring based on many different visuals, including a star ranking, and other firms simply just rank companies based on their efforts. One can see the true discrepancy in scoring in Figure 1 below. Not only is the data ranked differently across the industry, but the data used in the process is also not verified or consistent. Many of these scores are completed based on third-party data. It has a strong potential of being outdated, or self-reported data which, if not properly audited, may be incomplete or even biased in nature. This lack of standardization and insufficient data makes it difficult for both consumers and investors accurately to gauge a company’s ESG efforts. While this is an incredible start to holding businesses accountable, the lack of uniformity and organization is severely hindering the true potential of the ESG scoring system.<br /><br /><b>Revitalizing the Structure</b><br /><br />The current scoring system has the potential to be a catalyst for climate change mitigation, if developed properly. There are a few drawbacks that need to be addressed to make this scoring system as effective as possible: lack of uniformity, lack of transparency, and a lack of governmental pressure. This proposal would be written into legislation backed by both the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of the Treasury. The goal would be to use current ESG scoring systems to create one universal, and easily understandable, reporting form for all companies to be required to submit annually – just like any other financial document. The proposal not only focuses on which company has the lowest emissions but on which companies are making the most progress. In order to stay up to date with our country’s values, a Materiality Report also will be conducted annually to ensure that these scores reflect the categories that carry the most weight for our communities. A company’s efforts will not only be scored annually but published publicly without the hindrance of a paywall to allow all consumers to make more informed decisions with this newly provided information. To take it one step further, when applicable, a company’s ESG score could be displayed on its packaging, much like nutritional and manufacturing location information already present on so many products. As consumers are said to “vote with their dollars,” this system allows them to make more informed purchasing decisions and grant more money to those making more responsible environmental and societal decisions. <br /><br />We have seen the US government try to set carbon regulations through the Carbon Disclosure policy proposed by the SEC. It is important to acknowledge that there have already been efforts from the US government to increase transparency, but it is essential to implement this ESG system to ensure more than just carbon reports are being published annually. These changes implemented by the US government will not only push for a more green business world but will set the tone for a fair and equitable workplace for all stakeholders. <br /><br /><b>Potential Impacts</b><br /><br />The climate impact of this proposal would be immense. With the introduction of transparency scores and regulations, corporations would have no choice but to comply with environmental recommendations to stay competitive in their given marketplace. Although companies would not be able to report on their initiatives for at least a year or two, their climate change efforts could start immediately. Due to the increasing importance of ESG efforts in a company, consumers and prospective employees would be able to hold businesses accountable by demanding these changes. Businesses not only benefit by maintaining a good relationship with their stakeholders, but also by saving costs! Reduction of energy consumption and material usage is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to possible profitability for these corporations. Implementing green practices even holds the potential to lower wage expenses for companies. Forbes reported that “over 70% of people surveyed are more likely to work for a company that has a strong green footprint and nearly half of respondents are even willing to accept a smaller salary to work for an environmentally and socially responsible company.” These positive externalities go far past just meeting their compliance requirements. Transparency throughout supply chains will help minimize unfair labor contracts and wasteful manufacturing processes, and help create an overall tone for global supply chain sustainability. The World Economic Forum shared that “in the automotive value chain, we found that OEMs can achieve up to 60% emissions reductions through their supply chains with levers that cost them less than €10 per ton of CO2-equivalent.” Decarbonizing major supply chain systems is not only scientifically possible. It is financially possible. If companies have room to reduce emissions 60% just within the automotive supply chain, imagine the possible impact when these regulations break into even larger sectors like energy and all transportation! With the implementation of mandatory ESG screening and scoring, our society and government will be able to put pressure on companies to start making these sustainable changes that we know are possible. <br /><br /><b>Next Steps</b><br /><br />Different factors contribute to the global emergency that is climate change. We need change, and we need change immediately. The answer is clear: Large corporations are the ones who are not only contributing mass amounts of emissions but also have the ability to change their practices. It is time to capitalize on our existing resources and make them better. ESG scoring was once a simple investment tool, but now has the potential to preserve our planet for generations to come. With the implementation of a mandatory and standardized ESG system, we will be able to dramatically decrease the amount of waste going into landfills and greenhouse gas emissions entering our atmosphere. A standardized ESG scoring system will not only dramatically cut our global emissions, but it will open up the world of ESG knowledge to the everyday person – propelling our society forward to increase awareness of climate issues. In order to reach our 2030 emission goals, it is essential to educate consumers and hold companies accountable for their actions. With pressure from the US government and the global action to follow, we will meet our climate change goals together.<div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2PbQW-5I0_jEyBLIVriVk_5i2fNdkzj9Eikg0EiMpW2Kgd0nebYQWsvbN4Q_1mnc1bI69IHTanX3QTALycr5lxgPX9B4Ex7Yyzr8e_aq_HUnlFpLEECmgEMiIbK-rU01V_Yu6urxXvX6CC0c8CLfPrs1MYBU4asA688Pnn5L50JiToUglLDuxibbwWYY/s974/Picture1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="974" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2PbQW-5I0_jEyBLIVriVk_5i2fNdkzj9Eikg0EiMpW2Kgd0nebYQWsvbN4Q_1mnc1bI69IHTanX3QTALycr5lxgPX9B4Ex7Yyzr8e_aq_HUnlFpLEECmgEMiIbK-rU01V_Yu6urxXvX6CC0c8CLfPrs1MYBU4asA688Pnn5L50JiToUglLDuxibbwWYY/w400-h256/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Figure 1</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b>Works Cited</b><br /><br />Aramonte, Sirio, and Anna Zabai. “Sustainable Finance: Trends, Valuations and Exposures.” The Bank for International Settlements, 20 Sep. 2021, www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt2109v.htm#:~:text=On%20this%20basis%2C%20some%20estimates%20indicate%20that%20ESG,less%20than%2036%25%20of%20total%20professionally%20managed%20assets.<br /><br />De Gregorio, Zach. “The Problem with ESG.” YouTube, 28 Aug. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FeaNgU25Ts. <br /><br />“Just 100 Companies Responsible for 71% of Global Emissions, Study Says.” The Guardian, 10 July 2017, www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change.<br /><br />Lesser, Rich. “Supply Chains Can Be a Climate Game-Changer. Here’s Why.” World Economic Forum, www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/tackling-supply-chain-emissions-is-a-game-changer-for-climate-action/. Accessed 16 May 2023. <br /><br />MIT Sloan Office of Media Relations. “New MIT Sloan Study Discovers ‘Widespread and Repeated’ Retroactive Changes to ESG Scores.” MIT Sloan, 28 June 2022, mitsloan.mit.edu/press/new-mit-sloan-study-discovers-widespread-and-repeated-retroactive-changes-to-esg-scores#:~:text=To%20show%20this%2C%20the%20researchers%20compared%20ESG%20scores,and%20the%20link%20between%20ESG%20scores%20and%20returns.<br /><br />MSCI ESG Ratings. MSCI. 20 July 2023.<br /><br />https://www.msci.com/our-solutions/esg-investing/esg-ratings<br /><br />Ritchie, Hannah, et al. “CO2 Emissions.” Our World in Data, 11 May 2020, ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions. <br /><br />Sproull, Dwight. “New Study Shows Employees Seek and Stay Loyal to Greener Companies.” Medium, 14 Feb. 2019, medium.com/swytch/new-study-shows-employees-seek-and-stay-loyal-to-greener-companies-f485889f9a7f#:~:text=When%20choosing%20a%20company%20to%20work%20for%2C%20over,work%20for%20an%20environmentally%20and%20socially%20responsible%20company.<br /><br />Steele, Gary. “Council Post: Green Business Is Good Business: Why Transparency Is Key for Corporate Sustainability.” Forbes, 10 Feb. 2021, www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2021/02/11/green-business-is-good-business-why-transparency-is-key-for-corporate-sustainability/?sh=33c071434bb9.<br /><br />Winston, Andrew. “Sustainable Business Went Mainstream in 2021.” Harvard Business Review, 6 Jan. 2022, hbr.org/2021/12/sustainable-business-went-mainstream-in-2021. <br /></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-80459595960669771132023-07-20T15:30:00.002-05:002023-07-20T16:38:54.613-05:00United States – Powering Up for a Greener Future<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsXDLXvuvnbVCA4jjYxjBSLJsXnJ1SbHuVHy-9qKOcOvVjRS5V1CX10gDewJWu2sH8Ze6JbO-gAdGTDMw0Y_ZeQq2K5ynmyPHoudMDMyMGvP7MrSwKkcIAHGGdGjFeg6X6Q2BzZSyIbUvrfD3fpN7ouYqEDpQuPZHdXPAxxIaOijeSw-0ceAXinVHZGKs/s441/Elfering.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="441" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsXDLXvuvnbVCA4jjYxjBSLJsXnJ1SbHuVHy-9qKOcOvVjRS5V1CX10gDewJWu2sH8Ze6JbO-gAdGTDMw0Y_ZeQq2K5ynmyPHoudMDMyMGvP7MrSwKkcIAHGGdGjFeg6X6Q2BzZSyIbUvrfD3fpN7ouYqEDpQuPZHdXPAxxIaOijeSw-0ceAXinVHZGKs/s320/Elfering.png" width="320" /></a></div><i>by Nicholas Elfering (United States)</i><br /><br /><b>Abstract</b><br /><br />The electric power sector is the second-largest producer of greenhouse gases (GHG). Specifically, in 2019, 5,230 million metric tons of carbon dioxide were released in the United States (US) because of energy-related activities. The Inflation Reduction Act has allocated $369 billion for clean energy solutions. This is the most significant piece of climate change legislation in US history. The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) aims to develop clean energy resources while lowering inflation. This legislation will have a significant impact on the goal of reducing GHG emissions 50-52% by 2030, but it is not enough to get the job done. Legislation and the correct implementation of it will reduce GHG emissions 50% by 2030. The US Department of Defense needs to redirect 1.75% of its funding toward the IRA annually over the next seven years. <br /><br /><b>Problem and Goals</b><br /><br />Electric power is a key resource for human development. We use electricity for so many things that it is no surprise electric power is the second-largest producer of greenhouse gas (GHG). In 2019 the world produced 33,621.5 million metric tons of energy-related carbon dioxide (“How Much Carbon Dioxide”). The U S is the second-largest producer of carbon dioxide producing 5,130 metric tons in 2019. Being such a large contributor, the US needs drastic execution of energy-related solutions. Currently, we have about six years left before we exhaust our carbon budget for limiting the global temperature change to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Given the urgency, the US aims to reduce GHG emissions and reach our Paris Agreement goals. How will the United States use clean energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions drastically? Legislation and the correct implementation of it will reduce GHG emissions 50-52% by 2030.<br /><br /><b>Inflation Reduction Act</b><br /><br />The current US administration has made climate change a top priority. The IRA is the most significant piece of climate change legislation to be passed in US history. This act aims to lower inflation but mainly focuses on building a clean energy economy. There are multiple ways the IRA tries to deal with this problem, one of them being tax credit programs ("Inflation Reduction Act of 2022." Businesses and taxpayers can receive an installment tax credit and a production tax credit until 2025. To be eligible for both credits one must be involved in multiple solar, wind, municipal solid waste, geothermal (electric), and tidal technologies. Activities eligible for the investment tax credit are energy storage technologies, microgrid controllers, fuel cells, geothermal (heat pump and direct use), combined heat & power, microturbines, and interconnection costs. To be eligible for just the production tax credit one must be involved in the biomass, landfill gas, hydroelectric, marine, and hydrokinetic technology. After January 1st, 2025, the clean electricity tax credit will replace the investment and production tax credit. For projects greater than 1 MWac the investment tax credit can be over 30% credit and the production tax credit will be 2.75¢ per kWh produced. For projects greater than 1 MWac there is a 6% credit available for investment tax credits and .5¢ per kWh for production tax credits. There also are bonus credits available for domestic content minimums, low-income communities, Native American land, and economic benefit projects ("By the Numbers: The Inflation Reduction Act") <br /><br /><b>Sustainable Households<br /></b><br />Along with the large-scale tax credits for businesses, some programs support the implementation of clean energy for individuals. Households taking advantage of the clean energy and electric vehicle tax credits will save more than $1,000 per year. Additionally, there are $14,000 in consumer rebates available for households buying heat pumps and other energy-efficient appliances. Under the IRA, 7.5 million more households will be able to install solar panels with a 30% tax credit saving households $300 per year. Overall, this act will be responsible for 950 million solar panels, 120,000 wind turbines, and 2,300 grid-scale battery plans. The IRA also enables tax credit monetization and allocates $11.7 billion to the Loan Programs Office for new loans and the creation of the Energy Infrastructure Reinvestment Program ("By the Numbers: The Inflation Reduction Act"). <br /><br /><b>Correct Implementation <br /></b><br />Correct IRA implementation is crucial in maximizing its positive effects. The US government must promote the implementation of clean energy households heavily and make it known to the American people that these tax incentives are available. If the American people are unaware that these tax credit programs are available, it is anticipated that this will lead to a significant decrease in the number of individuals and enterprises that adopt sustainable practices in their households or businesses. Making these tax credit programs known to the American people can be done through advertisement and communication with contractors and home improvement stores like Home Depot and Lowes, and tax consultants. Communicating with these parties will improve the understanding of the programs and greatly impact their application. Additionally, these processes must be made easy so that it is not difficult to receive the monetary benefits implementing a sustainable household or business can provide. Simplifying the tax credit process will encourage the chain reaction of widespread implementation. <br /><br />Another key aspect is to consider current state climate change legislation. It is important to allocate more federal funding and efforts toward states with less climate change legislation.<br /><br /><b>What Needs to Happen</b><br /><br />With the current efforts we are projecting a 39% greenhouse gas emission reduction at the moderate level with a 37% reduction on the low end and a 41% reduction on the high end ("By the Numbers: The Inflation Reduction Act"). This will fall short of our goal of 50% reduction by a whopping 11%. If we want to reach the goal, more needs to be done. I propose redirecting a small portion of the Department of Defense funding for climate change action. Currently, the Department of Defense has $845.75 billion in total obligations ("Department of Defense"). Since climate change is the largest threat to the United States, it is clear that the department responsible for defending the country against such threats should use its resources to eliminate it. To reach the 50% GHG emission reduction goal by 2030 the IRA will require a total funding level of $437 billion. An additional $104 billion is needed over seven years which would require $14.86 billion from the Department of Defense budget annually. This is only 1.76% of the budget per year which is taking a small portion of the department's funding over the next seven years. Why would the Department of Defense not spare this small amount of its total funding to eliminate the most dangerous threat to the American people? This additional $104 billion is needed to increase the amount of solar, geothermal, wind, and hydroelectric energy producers and providers. The funding also will be used to increase the incentive value for the tax credit programs. As stated earlier, the solar panel credit which returns to consumers 30% of the money they spent, could move the credit up to 40-50%. As the severity of climate change increases, natural disasters and humanitarian crises also will increase. Redirecting the Department of Defense funds can ensure that we are minimizing the risk associated with this climate crisis. Additionally, redirecting the Department of Defense funding will send an incredibly strong message to the American people about the urgency of the situation we currently confront.<br /><b><br />Achieving Department of Defense Funding Redirection <br /></b><br />To meet our goals a declaration of national emergency, as proposed by the Climate Emergency Act of 2021, must be enacted to improve the funding of the IRA. Achieving the needed redirect of funding requires a declaration of national emergency order to bypass the political motivations in Congress. Additionally, this would bypass the time-consuming decision-making process that is typically encountered when dealing with Congress. Because the Biden administration considers climate change a top priority, it is clear there is no better time to declare emergency action. If the next administration does not hold climate change as a top priority this declaration could be much harder to achieve. The short-term success will lead to long-term application. When redirecting the Department of Defense funds to the IRA is successful, it will show politicians and the American people that the actions that were taken were absolutely necessary in protecting the well-being of the United States and the rest of the world. Additionally, Redirecting Department of Defense funding, which the Department claims it has begun (“Tackling the Climate Crisis”), shows the rest of the world that the United States is serious about reaching the goals that have been set. This increases our credibility as a nation and puts pressure on the rest of the world to keep up with the financial contributions the United States is making. On top of that, this will support the United States being a clean energy industry leader. Although this process might entice legal battles and scrutiny against the president it is necessary to protect life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.<br /><br /><b>Overview</b><br /><br />Energy-related solutions are needed to reduce GHG 50% by 2030. This is because the electric power sector is the second largest producer of GHG emissions. The IRA is the most powerful legislation to be passed regarding climate change and it is simply not enough to get us to our Paris Agreement goals. As the carbon budget clock ticks away, the urgency related to this issue increases drastically. Climate change is the largest threat to the United States and the world so Department of Defense funding must be redirected to fight climate change. By increasing the IRA funding, we can increase the amount of renewable energy producers and the tax credit incentives. To achieve the feat of redirecting the Department of Defense funds a declaration of emergency is needed to ensure that politics do not stand in the way and that this can be enacted as soon as possible. Not only does this need to happen to rescue the United States but to save the planet.<div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Works Cited<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Barbanell, Melissa. "A Brief Summary of the Climate and Energy Provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022." World Resources Institute, 28 Oct. 2022, www.wri.org/update/brief-summary-climate-and-energy-provisions-inflation-reduction-act-2022.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">"By the Numbers: The Inflation Reduction Act." The White House, 8 Mar. 2023, www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/15/by-the-numbers-the-inflation-reduction-act/.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">"Department of Defense." USAspending.Gov, www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-defense?fy=2023. Accessed 16 May 2023.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">"How Much Carbon Dioxide Does the United States and the World Emit Each Year from Energy Sources?" How Much Carbon Dioxide Does the United States and the World Emit Each Year from Energy Sources? | U.S. Geological Survey, www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-much-carbon-dioxide-does-united-states-and-world-emit-each-year-energy-sources. Accessed 16 May 2023.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">"Inflation Reduction Act of 2022." Energy.Gov, www.energy.gov/lpo/inflation-reduction-act-2022. Accessed 16 May 2023.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 17.120001px;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">"The Inflation Reduction Act." EPA, www.epa.gov/green-power-markets/inflation-reduction-act#Clean%20ITC. Accessed 16 May 2023.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-12491948328058449222023-07-20T15:00:00.000-05:002023-07-20T15:25:22.240-05:00Building Stairs, Not Roads: Implementing U.S. Mixed-Use Neighborhood Development<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYHaclCDz0pOugusrn5BtfT9QN4jANMsCEKSnq-I4iTgnEr7SKiCx4wo_O9QLuSQSXlJJWsheIkRH8jBFavPkBTK02ZAXlyKCDrWPqtiCnWlHdPW6qtDNqMXctLvPEKhN4yV-1mPKcuOZKJ6wHWPlNIIUEuqndrjDtPkDWeqOLnRHNLbQHJ1kRWIE4xRs/s935/EGUIGUREN.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="935" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYHaclCDz0pOugusrn5BtfT9QN4jANMsCEKSnq-I4iTgnEr7SKiCx4wo_O9QLuSQSXlJJWsheIkRH8jBFavPkBTK02ZAXlyKCDrWPqtiCnWlHdPW6qtDNqMXctLvPEKhN4yV-1mPKcuOZKJ6wHWPlNIIUEuqndrjDtPkDWeqOLnRHNLbQHJ1kRWIE4xRs/w400-h206/EGUIGUREN.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: start;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pictured: Seestadt Aspern Smart City, Vienna (left); Claiborne Expressway, New Orleans, USA (right)<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table>by Luis Eguiguren, (United States)<br /><br /><b>Abstract</b><br /><br />The US population is projected to increase by 100 million people within the next 50 years, and they will need housing. The most available option for many Americans would be the suburb, characterized by R1 zoning regulations, or single family detached housing units. These lowest- density housing units have been repeatedly found to be terribly energy inefficient and highly taxing on the environment (Goldstein, 2020). An alternative would be desirable to help curb emissions in lieu of electric vehicles, which perpetuate car-dependent infrastructure. States have begun to recognize how our carbon-locked suburb societies are not only energy inefficient, but overall more undesirable than walkable, resource-accessible communities that are quite prominent in many regions in the European Union, unburdened by the outdated restrictions of R1 zoning. States and cities alike have begun to repeal zoning codes and replace them with legislation that makes US neighborhoods more like their European counterparts, with the added benefit of removing unused parking lots and abandoned spaces. These new mixed-use neighborhoods have cascading benefits for Americans, so the question becomes: Where will the next 100 million Americans live, and will we allow stairs to be built or more roads and car-related infrastructure? The repealment of R1 zoning in the United States can foster vibrant, mixed-use communities, reduce transportation emissions, and enhance affordable housing options, thus achieving 2030 Paris Agreement sustainability goals.<br /><br /><b>Introduction--Winston Churchill: “Never let a good crisis go to waste.”</b><br /><br />The United States is implicated in preventing global emissions from reaching a 2 degree celsius change, being the second-largest country expelling greenhouse gases (GHG). With the UNFCCC suggestion of a peak in emissions by 2025 and a 43% reduction by 2030, the stage is set for legislative change to push the United States to that goal. At the same time, widespread housing crises in the US have begun discussions of integrating more affordable housing. Thus the phrase “Missing Middle” was coined to incentivize legislators to change historically discriminatory zoning regulations from R1, or detached single-family unit housing residence areas, to a mixed-use zoning code that encompasses townhouses, duplexes, energy-efficient communities that model their counterparts in the European Union. <br /><br />R1 zoning dominates the United States, which makes alternative non-single family unit complexes illegal to build in three quarters of the country (Manville, 2019). It is projected that within the next 50 years, there will be 100 million new Americans, needing a place to live (Congressional Budget Office, 2019). The demand for housing in conjunction with the development of smartly designed, mixed-use housing communities presents a fantastic opportunity for the United States to build stairs rather than roads, thereby reducing emissions to meet 2030 goals.<br /><br /><b>R1 Zoning</b><br /><br />Detached single-family residential areas are wedded with American suburbs. They house only a quarter of the US population, but account for over 50% of all US household emissions (Goldstein, 2020). The barrier to a higher-density housing America lies in R1 zoning regulations that make anything other than a single family detached unit illegal. When 75% of all residential land is zoned for R1, the remaining 25% is taken up by big industry that has the ability to lobby and utilize the precious mixed-use land (Manville, 2019). Zoning is not inherently bad, despite it virtually not existing in the EU in the same sense as the US. Don’t put a toilet in a kitchen, or a lead-processing facility next to a school for young children. However, zoning laws in the United States, originating for the purpose of segregation, codify the bulk of residential land as lowest-density, lowest-efficiency housing. R1 zoning has been criticized for working against the free market, causing infrastructure waste, widening the socioeconomic and racial discrepancy, and contributing to land waste and the destruction of local habitats (Hirt, 2007). <br /><b><br />The Climate Cost of Suburbia</b><br /><br />The EPA has found that suburbanites consistently consume more energy than higher populated cities (Goldstein et al., 2020). The primary causes of poor efficiency are a) the necessity of private transportation, even for short distance trips, and b) heating and cooling in a detached, relatively large single-family home. Private transportation, primarily cars, dominate suburbia, and historically underfunded public transit has left existing systems unreliable and thus understandably underutilized. Auto-centric planning has made what could be a short walk to the grocery store a 15-minute drive, or a 40-minute walk on average often without sidewalk infrastructure. The EPA asserts that public transportation can reduce energy usage by as much as 50%. This reduces congestion and multi-lane traffic that is induced every rush hour, thereby removing many GHG emitters. Other factors of suburban living should be considered, such as large lawns that require great water usage. To accommodate new Americans, predominantly between 25-34 years of age looking to establish families, many new suburbs are in development. These neighborhoods are costly-- just 1 mile of asphalt road emits 4,000 tons of CO2 into the atmosphere (Espinoza et al., 2019). A typical 3-story house being built produces 26 tons of CO2, and houses have steadily increased by 45% in size since 1970. The result is not only more energy to build but also materials such as concrete that are heavily contributing to emissions (MIT Climate Portal, 2022). This is all not to mention that excessive energy usage is costly-- 1 kWh produces 0.85 pounds of CO2, and the average US household consumes about 11,000 kWh annually (Goldstein et al., 2020). The energy costs of a suburb have led to suburb-wide blackouts in Texas that take days to fix, as entire neighborhoods are taken off the grid because of overwhelming consumption (Texas Monthly, 2023). <br /><b><br />EU Zoning: The Benefits of Mixed-Use</b><br /><br />The effect of mixed-use development, the predominant form in the EU, is manifold in regards to social, environmental, and economic systems (Hirt, 2012). Many EU neighborhoods are bursting with businesses, vibrancy, and public spaces. There are many housing projects underway, not only to provide fulfilling living communities, but also to be at the forefront of sustainability efforts in Europe. Aspern Seestadt, part of the Smart City Vienna initiative, is challenging urban development norms by utilizing cutting-edge technologies to create a neighborhood that is highly sustainable. Set to finish building by 2028, it would be fit with buildings that are not only energy-efficient, but supplemented by an energy-efficient grid system (ASCR, n.d.). The aim of Aspern Seestadt is to provide livable, affordable housing that is good for the environment, and so far it holds a lot of promise. <br /><br />This is a part of New European Bauhaus, an initiative funded by the European Green Deal to galvanize the supply of energy-efficient housing communities. EU neighborhoods often provide access to better public transportation, which acts as a boon to sustainability efforts. Fewer cars means less congestion, encouraging more foot and bike traffic. Walkable areas also boost local economies by making outdoor spaces more attractive, increasing foot traffic to businesses (Climate Town, 2022). There are also fewer asphalt wasteland parking lots, thereby creating open streets for walking space and parks, which is good because asphalt roads prevent water from infiltrating into the ground, causing flash floods. More accessibility to green spaces as a part of smart city design, such as in Vienna’s Aspern Smart City community, would circumvent this issue. <br /><b><br />Policy Suggestion for the United States</b><br /><br />Zoning codes vary greatly across the US, and it is difficult to establish sweeping legislation. My suggestion is to establish mixed-zoning areas across the country to replace restrictive R1 zones. Fortunately, there is legislation currently promoting sustainable communities that would bolster mixed-use housing if it were legalized across the country. For example, many states are establishing clean building initiatives so that the potential mixed-use housing is inherently energy efficient. The GREEN Building Jobs Act has been introduced in Congress aims to accelerate the nation’s infrastructure via increasing energy- and water-efficient buildings, enforcing the development of a greater proportion of net-zero buildings and implementing the availability of chargers for EVs. <br /><br />Supply in current mixed-use neighborhoods is scarce-- mixed-use neighborhoods exist in New York and San Francisco, but the scarcity of the commodity makes these neighborhoods unaffordable for the majority of the US population. “Missing Middle” initiatives in Arlington, Virginia aim to create a greater stock of affordable mixed-use housing, but progress is slow. Some cases of recent zoning changes in states include Minneapolis’s 2040 Comprehensive Plan, which has eliminated all R1 zoning in the municipality. Enacted in 2018, there has been a groundswell of duplex and triplex housing availability which has helped close the gap in housing affordability in the greater Minneapolis area. The Colorado Springs community also has implemented mixed-use zoning and has transformed a formerly abandoned parking lot into a thriving community that is in proximity to three grocery stores within walking distance from the city center (Climate Town, 2022).<br /><br /><b>Legislation in Action</b><br /><br />The Inflation Reduction Act will provide $330 million in grants to help states develop energy efficient buildings and $670 million to adopt or meet building codes that meet or exceed zero-energy provisions, a fantastic chance for the United States to provide exceptional smart development and capitalize on the demand for housing. The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law will allocate $4.5 billion over the next 5 years to the state of Illinois to improve public transportation within the state, as well as other states. It is the largest investment in public transportation in US history, and the promotion of public transportation would couple well with the creation of sustainable communities such as Aspern in Vienna. <br /><br /><b>Proposals<br /></b><br />As the US population continues to increase, so too do the consequences of climate change. To reduce historically energy-inefficient, unsustainable suburban sprawl, the United States should repeal R1 zoning codes and replace them with mixed-use zoning that allows for higher-density, energy-efficient communities as found in many countries in the European Union. Oregon, California, and Maine have opened up zoning regulations, and the municipalities of Minneapolis and Colorado Springs have ratified mixed-use legislation, which has already lessened the discrepancy of wealth distribution in the city and provided more energy-efficient communities (NPR, 2023). However, to reach 2030 emission reduction goals for the US, we should see a countrywide adoption of sustainable zoning codes that help the country transition away from a car-dependent, ergo carbon-dependent society. The coupling of smart city infrastructure with the demand of housing in the United States could be a good opportunity for Americans to live in more livable, walkable, energy-efficient communities that resemble their European counterparts. After all, a cleaner environment with sustainable US neighborhoods should not be partisan. <br /><br /><b>Works Cited</b><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Aspern Seestadt. (n.d.). Urban Lab. Retrieved from https://www.aspern-seestadt.at/wirtschaftsstandort/innovation__qualitaet/urban_lab<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Aspern Smart City Research (ASCR). (n.d.). <i>Smart Building</i>. Retrieved from https://www.ascr.at/en/smart-building/<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Cardin, B. (2023, March 28). <i>Cardin GREEN Building Jobs Act Will Make Government Buildings More Energy Efficient, Environmentally Sustainable.</i> Retrieved from https://www.cardin.senate.gov/press-releases/cardin-green-building-jobs-act-will-make-government-buildings-more-energy-efficient-environmentally-sustainable/<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">ClimateTown. (2022, January 12). Climate Town | <i>The Suburbs Are Bleeding America Dry. </i>YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfsCniN7Nsc&ab_channel=ClimateTown<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Congressional Budget Office (CBO). (2019, August 22). <i>The Demographic Outlook: 2023 to 2053. </i>Retrieved from https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58612<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Consumer Energy Alliance. (2018, August). <i>What's Your Solution: Suburban Sprawl.</i> Retrieved from https://consumerenergyalliance.org/2018/08/whats-your-solution-suburban-sprawl/<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Edwards, D. (2019, November 5). Green houses and greenhouse gases: <i>Why exclusionary zoning is a climate catastrophe.</i> Global Public Policy Review. Retrieved from https://gppreview.com/2019/11/05/green-houses-greenhouse-gases-exclusionary-zoning-climate-catastrophe/<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Espinoza, M., Campos Campos, N., Yang, R., Ozer, H., Aguiar-Moya, J., Baldi Sevilla, A., Loria Salazar, L., & Al-Qadi, I. (2019). <i>Carbon Footprint Estimation in Road Construction: La Abundancia–Florencia Case Study.</i>Sustainability, 11(8), 2276. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082276<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Goldstein, B.; Gounaridis, D.; Newell, J.P. (2020). <i>The carbon footprint of household energy use in the United States.</i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 19122–19130.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Hirt, S. (2007).<i> To Zone or Not to Zone? Exploring the Relationship Between Zoning and Planning. </i>Virginia Tech. Retrieved from https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/48185/hirt_to_zone_or_not_to_zone.pdf?sequence=4<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Hirt, S. (2012). <i>Mixed Use by Default: How the Europeans (Don’t) Zone.</i> Journal of Planning Literature, 27(4), 375–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412212451029<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Johnson, D. (2015). <i>Pros & Cons: Mixed-Use Developments</i>. Retrieved from https://www.gov1.com/economic-development/articles/pros-cons-mixed-use-developments-UXvLxAdNqcKJtoKZ/<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ma F, Sha A, Lin R, Huang Y, Wang C. <i>Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Asphalt Pavement Construction: A Case Study in China</i>. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Mar 22;13(3):351. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13030351. PMID: 27011196; PMCID: PMC4809014.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Manville, M., Monkkonen, P., & Lens, M. (2020). <i>It’s Time to End Single-Family Zoning, </i>Journal of the American Planning Association, 86:1, 106-112, DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1651216<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">MIT Climate Portal. (2022). <i>How much CO2 is emitted from building a new house?</i> Retrieved from https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/how-much-co2-emitted-building-new-house<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">National Apartment Association. (n.d.). <i>What Passing the Inflation Reduction Act Means for Rental Housing Providers. </i>Retrieved from https://www.naahq.org/what-passing-inflation-reduction-act-means-rental-housing-providers<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">National Public Radio. (2023, February 11). <i>States, Cities End Single-Family Zoning to Make Housing More Affordable. </i>NPR. https://www.npr.org/2023/02/11/1155094278/states-cities-end-single-family-zoning-housing-affordable<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Schieferdecker, A. (2022, June 20). <i>The Reality and Myth of the Minneapolis 2040 Plan. </i>Retrieved from https://streets.mn/2022/06/20/the-reality-and-myth-of-the-minneapolis-2040-plan/<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Texas Monthly. (2023, March 15). <i>What Went Wrong With Texas’s Electric Grid This Winter? </i>Retrieved from https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/texas-electric-grid-failure-warm-up/<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Washington Post. (2023, March 22). <i>Arlington's Missing Middle vote is a step toward more diverse housing options.</i> Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/03/22/arlington-missing-middle-vote-zoning/<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The White House. (2023, May).<i> Illinois Fact Sheet.</i> Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Illinois-Fact-Sheet-May.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">U.S. Energy Information Administration. (n.d.). <i>How much carbon dioxide is produced from burning gasoline and diesel fuel?</i> Retrieved from https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=97&t=3</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-52272904451370181242023-07-20T13:30:00.000-05:002023-07-20T15:24:55.261-05:00ACHIEVING US 2030 CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION GOALS WITH CLEAN INDUSTRY PRACTICES <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNzKSey74Fzt3Y2HSryhrmKhV8mTKSPHKVDBdel6W7Jw9XkWTNu97inDfvM_N2DrpV71F0yTrNsDdqwV18hiqaT4GP7QHbJ2ehSFMnWRJ9KhyBiFFLVV4n1gkXfq1991mfEAaSPm6YWw9MeUPmmbo1a36KgaoLcnKZ71OB5_6nnv6gU5kvY9Zr8bi0o_0/s525/Cooley.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="525" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNzKSey74Fzt3Y2HSryhrmKhV8mTKSPHKVDBdel6W7Jw9XkWTNu97inDfvM_N2DrpV71F0yTrNsDdqwV18hiqaT4GP7QHbJ2ehSFMnWRJ9KhyBiFFLVV4n1gkXfq1991mfEAaSPm6YWw9MeUPmmbo1a36KgaoLcnKZ71OB5_6nnv6gU5kvY9Zr8bi0o_0/s320/Cooley.png" width="320" /></a></div><i>by Liam Cooley (United States)</i><br /><br /><b>Abstract</b><br /><br />By implementing an effective combination of emissions trading systems, carbon dioxide taxation, and the adoption of clean energy resources, the US will significantly reduce its carbon footprint to meet 2030 Paris Agreement goals. Industry is one of the largest sectors negatively impacting climate change, and improving US taxation systems and adopting energy-efficient programs could improve overall energy efficiency and encourage accelerated climate change mitigation. Understanding European Union (EU) progress towards 2030 goals serves as a guideline for the US in a race to the top. Further action in accordance with Al Gore's plan to combat climate change will greatly impact US climate mitigation goals by 2030, especially the implementation of aggressive carbon pricing. <br /><br /><b>Introduction</b><br /><br />An emissions trading system (ETS) is a market-based approach to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by placing a “carbon cap” on the total quantity of carbon allowed over a given period of time (usually one year). The government then issues a limited quantity of emissions for each participating company in the ETS, while also implementing monetary fines for companies that exceed the established limit. These trading caps can be bought, sold, and exchanged among participating companies, therefore creating a market price for the cost of carbon emissions and allowing companies the option to reduce emissions or pay a set price to the government (European Commission, 2023). Greater implementation of an ETS in the US market would be beneficial towards reaching the 2030 US climate change goals (50-52% GHG reduction from 2005 levels. The EU “Fit for 55” package includes a goal of 55% GHG reduction from 1990 levels (European Council, 2023), including an expanded ETS system. Adoption of a similar carbon emission pricing in the US market will help achieve our 2030 climate change mitigation goals at a faster rate and position the US as a global climate change mitigation leader in a race to the top. <br /><br /><b>Emissions Trading System (ETS)</b><br /><br />The most effective way for the US to reach its climate mitigation goals by 2030 is to implement an ETS that will reduce GHG emissions and the carbon footprint of industry. This system’s “caps” create an indirect financial incentive for US companies to reduce carbon emissions, and thus promote the development of cleaner technologies in the industry sector by 2030 and beyond. One notable component of an ETS implementation is its federally-distributed tax credits to participating companies in exchange for the proper use of carbon credits (Kettner, 2023). This system creates a financial incentive for companies to reduce their carbon emissions, and this process has the effect of encouraging the development of cleaner technologies. <br /><br />The EU is ahead of the US due to the European Climate Law, which ensures a fair and competitive transition of the industry sector by 2030 that would reduce industrial carbon emissions (Kettner, 2023). Legislation like the European Climate Law in US industry policies will enhance EU/US global leadership in climate change mitigation. A notable example of proper US ETS implementation can be found at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) (iCAP, 2022), where participation in a voluntary carbon offset programs has demonstrated a strong commitment to reducing its carbon footprint. UIUC is playing a significant role in mitigating and reversing climate change in Urbana-Champaign and the state of Illinois. Widespread implementation of an ETS for local use, like UIUC, could serve as an inspiration and catalyst for future US legislation. <br /><br />Another benefit of the widespread adoption of ETS in the US industrial sector is that it will incentivize businesses to reduce their carbon footprints and decrease the production of other harmful greenhouse gases. Establishing caps on carbon emissions means that companies which emit less than their allotted quantity can sell their remaining carbon permits to other companies which need them, thus creating a surplus of a carbon credit supply within the industry market. As ETS allotments become stricter towards 2030, the financial incentive for companies to reduce their carbon emissions and adopt cleaner technologies will vastly improve. ETS can help to drive down carbon and GHG emissions across industry sectors and derivative businesses. ETS also encourages businesses to self-monitor their emissions because companies that participate must track their emissions and report them to local and federal authorities. <br /><br />The introduction of an ETS in the US is a powerful tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change toward 2030 goals. By giving tax credits to large industries, issuing caps on carbon emissions, and encouraging businesses to self-monitor their carbon output, ETS can help initiate a reduction in greenhouse gasses across industry and business sectors from 2005 levels. With inspiration from institutions like the University of Illinois that voluntarily participate in an ETS, we can create a commitment to reducing our carbon footprint within the US and promote global leadership toward mitigating and reversing climate change.<br /><br /><b>Carbon Pricing</b><br /><br />With recent legislation like the 2022 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), the US is taking positive steps towards mitigating climate change. Further climate-positive measures must be codified into US law. With $1.2 trillion aimed at improving infrastructure and public transport projects, an increase in this type of green legislation will drastically reduce climate change effects (Ponciano, 2022). <br /><br />In addition to the BIL, the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) includes federal mandates to curb methane production, and an outline for reducing GHG emissions by increasing renewable energy production and improving energy efficiency across the industry sector (The White House, 2022). The IRA methane taxes could serve as the beginning of US federal carbon pricing. An increasing number of state carbon-pricing policies can further accelerate the process (Center for Climate and Energy Solutions).<br /><br />While the goal of the legislation is to enable a 40% carbon emissions reduction from 2005 levels, it does not allocate enough resources towards fighting climate change and reaching the 50% target goal by 2030 (IEA, 2022). The IRA’s allocation of $369 billion for climate mitigation efforts is a positive step and does indicate a shift towards taking action on a large-scale effort to become a global leader in combating climate change. The IRA money spent promotes new development that will help fund clean energy projects and carbon capture technologies by 2030 (EPA, 2022). Further legislation is required to fully reach 2030 goals. <br /><br /><b> Next Steps</b><br /><br />The implementation of an ETS and strict management of carbon pricing in the US industrial sector is the most effective way for the US to meet 2030 climate change mitigation goals to reduce carbon emissions by 50-52%. A strong ETS introduction in the US market will incentivize industries to reduce their carbon footprint, adopt cleaner manufacturing technologies, and self-monitor their carbon and greenhouse gas outputs for 2030 and beyond. The US can greatly reduce GHG emissions and make considerable progress towards achieving its 2030 climate mitigation goals by implementing these forms of legislation in participating industry sectors, including voluntary ETS participation. Furthermore, the US must take a global leadership position in addressing climate change, with specific activists like Al Gore advocating legislation like the recent BIL and IRA. Through a combination of effective policies and initiatives, the US can set a positive example for other countries and gain an advantage in a race to t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he top in the fight against climate change. <br /><br /> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 24px;">Works Cited <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Photo: Eurostat, <i>Environmental taxes in the EU</i><span style="font-size: small;"> (no date) </span><i>Environmental taxes in the EU - Products Eurostat News - Eurostat</i><span style="font-size: small;">. Available at: </span></span><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20170405-1"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20170405-1</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, <i>US State Carbon-Pricing Policies. </i>Available at: </span><a href="https://www.c2es.org/document/us-state-carbon-pricing-policies/"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">https://www.c2es.org/document/us-state-carbon-pricing-policies/</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">EPA. “</span><i><span style="color: #1b1b1b; line-height: 24px;">The Inflation Reduction Act</span></i><span style="color: #1b1b1b; line-height: 24px;">” 2022 </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">(Accessed: 16 May 2023). Available at: </span><a href="https://www.epa.gov/green-power-markets/inflation-reduction-act#:~:text=The%20Inflation%20Reduction%20Act%20of,of%20new%20clean%20electricity%20resources"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">https://www.epa.gov/green-power-markets/inflation-reduction-act#:~:text=The%20Inflation%20Reduction%20Act%20of,of%20new%20clean%20electricity%20resources</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">European Commission, Climate Action<i> </i>“<i>EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).</i>” 2023, Accessed 9 May 2023. </span><a href="https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">European Council, “<i>Fit for 55 - the EU’s plan for a green transition</i>” - consilium, 2023. </span><a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">ICAP <i>University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign </i>(2022) (Accessed: 12 May 2023). u</span><a href="https://icap.sustainability.illinois.edu/project/utilize-carbon-credits"><span style="color: #0563c1; line-height: 24px;">tps://icap.sustainability.illinois.edu/project/utilize-carbon-credits</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">IEA. “Inflation Reduction Act 2022: SEC. 60113 and Sec. 50263 on Methane Emissions Reductions – Policies.” (2022). Accessed May 16, 2023. </span><a href="https://www.iea.org/policies/16317-inflation-reduction-act-2022-sec-60113-and-sec-50263-on-methane-emissions-reductions"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">https://www.iea.org/policies/16317-inflation-reduction-act-2022-sec-60113-and-sec-50263-on-methane-emissions-reductions</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kettner, Claudia, “Climate Policy in the EU The EU Emission Trading System” (21 March 2023)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QUvYkNJtl7kjrZ28cR_FY_M6F7DvCD2G/view"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 24px;">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QUvYkNJtl7kjrZ28cR_FY_M6F7DvCD2G/view</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ponciano, Jonathan. “<i>Everything in the $1.2 Trillion Infrastructure Bill: New Roads, Electric School Buses and More.</i>” <i>Forbes</i>, 9 Nov. 2022, Accessed 9 May 2023.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2021/11/15/everything-in-the-12-trillion-infrastructure-bill-biden-just-signed-new-roads-electric-school-buses-and-more/"><span style="color: #0563c1; line-height: 24px;">www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2021/11/15/everything-in-the-12-trillion-infrastructure-</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2021/11/15/everything-in-the-12-trillion-infrastructure-bill-biden-just-signed-new-roads-electric-school-buses-and-more/"><span style="color: #0563c1; line-height: 24px;">bill-biden-just-signed-new-roads-electric-school-buses-and-more/</span></a><span style="line-height: 24px;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">The White House.<i> “Inflation Reduction Act Guidebook.</i>”, 2022, Accessed 8 May 2023,</span><span style="line-height: 16.866667px;"><a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/cleanenergy/inflation-reduction-act-guidebook/"><span style="color: black; line-height: 18.4px; text-decoration: none;"></span></a><a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/cleanenergy/inflation-reduction-act-guidebook/"><span style="color: #0563c1; line-height: 18.4px;">www.whitehouse.gov/cleanenergy/inflation-reduction-act-guidebook/</span></a></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: repeat white; border: medium; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-39805020171689928482023-07-20T11:00:00.000-05:002023-07-20T15:24:29.094-05:00Changing Agriculture Practices Will Mitigate US Climate Change to Achieve 2030 Goals<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjom0-_bz8P_W0rhr0fLuufS5Kd9f7defXp6u2a6g5m_dshq15DpYMs4YbvpDXmK26KqYHfd8DryqKyaWqy3YTHtONrUEQ-LfCQ0LEV7sZ8pVe5adA8W30BaYsyfX3j_066nxuchwOKqz7ZUf0tK7hYSyapO88zuD6P04gI-cntLJL_LrTuHQhkP5l0rEY/s479/Boyrd.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><i><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="479" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjom0-_bz8P_W0rhr0fLuufS5Kd9f7defXp6u2a6g5m_dshq15DpYMs4YbvpDXmK26KqYHfd8DryqKyaWqy3YTHtONrUEQ-LfCQ0LEV7sZ8pVe5adA8W30BaYsyfX3j_066nxuchwOKqz7ZUf0tK7hYSyapO88zuD6P04gI-cntLJL_LrTuHQhkP5l0rEY/s320/Boyrd.png" width="320" /></i></a></div><i>by Molly Boyd (United States)</i><br /><br /><b>Abstract</b><br /><br />The United States has a goal to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 50-52% below 2005 levels by 2030 (The White House, 2021). In 2020, the agriculture sector accounted for 11.2 percent of GHG emissions (USDA ERS, 2022). To meet the 2030 goal, US farms and businesses need to accelerate the implementation of new and innovative GHG reduction strategies rapidly. The first strategy is to use regenerative agriculture practices, including no-till farming and regenerative grazing. The second strategy is to improve methane management by providing livestock with better diets and installing methane digesters. Execution of the two strategies will be very effective if the message is communicated to farmers and companies clearly and directly. The companies and farmers will be informed by targeting large agriculture institutions and the cooperative business throughout the nation. Regenerative agriculture and methane management strategies will push United States agriculture greenhouse gas emission targets toward the 2030 goal.<br /><br /><b>The Problem</b><br /><br />The most crucial purpose of agriculture is to foster life, however, it is currently harming life with GHG emissions. Agriculture is one of the top five GHG producing sectors in the United States (USDA ERS, 2022). In 2020 the industry was responsible for 11.2 percent of all US GHG emissions, equivalent to 669.5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (USDA ERS, 2022). Of the GHG produced, 50.25 percent were nitrous oxide, 37.5 percent were methane, and 12 percent were carbon dioxide (USDA ERS, 2022). These statistics are alarming, but a change in methods and practices can reduce the GHG released into the atmosphere. The United States has set a goal to reduce GHG emissions to 50-52% below 2005 levels by 2030 (The White House, 2021). To meet this goal, the agriculture industry must be a key player. Regenerative agriculture and methane management strategies will push US agriculture GHG emission targets toward the 2030 goal.<br /><br /><b>Solution 1: Regenerative Agriculture</b><br /><br />US agriculture is expansive, reaching 893.4 million acres nationwide (M. Shahbandeh, 2023). To achieve 2030 goals, the millions of acres must be cared for sustainably; this practice is called regenerative agriculture. Two of the most effective and easy ways to implement regenerative agriculture are through no till farming and regenerative grazing. <br /><br />No till farming limits the number of times farmers tills their fields. Tilling warms a field’s soil and removes weeds. However, it also harms the soil and the organisms that live in it, worsening the soil quality (Spears, 2018). Choosing not to till the field also increases soil quality by raising water holding capacity, reducing soil erosion, and improving biological activity. No till practices also keep carbon sequestered in the ground. Studies show that using no till practices can increase soil organic carbon by nine percent after two years and 21 percent after six years (Spears, 2018).<br /><br />These statistics demonstrate just how effective a change in practices can be. <br /><br />Rotational grazing promotes the land’s carbon sequestration. Rotational grazing is implemented by moving herds from padlock to padlock, opposed to allowing the livestock in one large field without rotation. This allows the cattle to feed off the land while allowing the grasses to grow back, creating a powerful cycle. Studies have shown that this practice can sequester 1.1 tons of carbon per 2.47 acres (Gewin, 2021). This statistic shows the promise of making agriculture a carbon positive industry. Regenerative agriculture is very effective and should be an industry standard. <br /><br /><b>Solution 2: Methane Management Practices </b><br /><br />The US agriculture sector is a top contributor to methane production. Although the gas lasts in the air for only 12 years, it is incredibly potent (International Energy Agency, 2022). Agriculturalists can take advantage of its short life by making the rapid changes needed to meet the 2030 goal. Ruminant livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats are the largest contributors to the methane produced in United States agriculture (Environmental Protection Agency, 2023). Better diets can make a big impact. With cattle, diets with more carbohydrates and unsaturated fats can reduce the amount of methane released (Jones, 2014). Farmers also can feed their animals supplements that have been proven to reduce the amount of methane released. An example is Mootral. This supplement is made of citrus and garlic extracts and is 100 % natural, making it safe for cattle to ingest (Mootral, 2021). Mootral is proven to have reduced methane emissions by 38 percent (Mootral, 2021). Scientific innovations such as improved diets and supplements will be vital in reaching the 2030 goal. <br /><br />Another effective methane management strategy is the implementation of a methane (anaerobic) digester. Although this management practice does not reduce the amount of methane produced by livestock, it does put the waste to good use, reducing emissions in other sectors. A methane digester is a device that breaks down organic materials, turning them into biogases and other products. The system works by putting manure and other organic waste into a repository and then heating the waste to sort it into usable products. The gas is captured and cleaned, becoming biogas; the liquid waste can be sprayed to fertilize fields, and the solid waste can be transformed into bedding that can be used for livestock. Based on a waste-to-wheels assessment, the gas produced by biogas can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 91 percent compared to gasoline (Environmental and Energy Study Institute, 2017). Such an emissions decrease will accelerate GHG levels to 2030 goal levels. <br /><br /><b>Implementation</b><br /><br />Implementation is the most crucial step in achieving the United States ambitious 2030 goal. Two avenues can expedite the practices mentioned. The approaches are to target large businesses and to encourage the United States Cooperative Extension System to share the strategies. Often when a large organization does something, others follow. The United States needs trailblazers in regenerative agriculture and methane management strategies. One company has already taken the first step towards 2030 goals, Archer Daniels Midland. ADM is a massive company existing on six continents and generating net sales of $64 billion in 2020 (ADM 2023). The company has begun implementing regenerative agriculture strategies with goals to reach two million acres of regenerative agriculture farmland by 2030 (ADM, 2022). This is not enough. Two million acres is less than one percent of U.S. farming land. ADM must expand its reach with tools like the Farmers Business Network (ADM Farmers Business Network), increasing its goal significantly. <br /><br />Now that there is a role model, others should follow suit. Singling out cooperatives is another very positive implementation strategy. For example, Prairie Farms Cooperative is a family-owned dairy cooperative consisting of 700 farms in the Midwest (Prairie Farms, 2023). The cooperative system collects milk from the farms and sells it together. The same cooperative system could be applied to a methane digester. The costs of a digester can range from $180,000 to $300,000, making it unaffordable for many small farm operations (Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). However, if the farms shared a digester, the price would be more feasible and beneficial. Communication and cooperation is how sustainable practices must be implemented to reach 2030 goals.<br /><br /><b>Moving Forward</b><br /><br />Agriculture is a part of the problem, but has the potential to become part of the solution. With effective regenerative agriculture implementation and innovative methane management strategies, greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced towards the 50-52 percent target that has been set by the United States government. Farmland has untapped potential in the sequestration of carbon with regenerative agriculture. Methane management can reduce emissions. Moving forward, the industry should continue to support trailblazers, big and small, towards their contribution to the 2030 goal.<div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Works Cited<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>About ADM and what we do</i>. ADM. (n.d.). https://www.adm.com/en-us/about-adm/ <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="break-after: auto; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></i></h2><h2 style="break-after: auto; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><a name="_heading=h.t7te8mr6xbm1"></a><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ADM, Farmers Business Network to Expand Sustainable AgTech Platform. </span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;">(2021, July 21). <span> </span></span></span></h2><h2 style="break-after: auto; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span> <span> </span></span>https://www.adm.com/en-us/news/news-releases/2022/7/adm-farmers-business-network-to-<span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></h2><h2 style="break-after: auto; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span> <span> </span></span>expand-sustainable-agtech-platform/ </span></span></h2><div><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>About</i>. Mootral. (2023, March 29). https://mootral.com/about/ <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Climate change</i>. USDA ERS - Climate Change. (n.d.). https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/climate-change/#:~:text=Agricultural%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Emissions&text=The%20greenhouse%20gases%20with%20the,oxide%20(N2O)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Communications, T. (n.d.). <i>Prairie Farms Cooperative, our farmers and Milk Cows</i>. Prairie Farms Cheese Division. https://prairiefarmscheese.com/about-us/our-farmers#:~:text=Prairie%20Farms%20is%20a%20farmer,to%20you%20and%20your%20family<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Environmental and Energy Study Institute (EESI). (n.d.). <i>Fact sheet: Biogas: Converting waste to energy</i>. EESI. https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet-biogasconverting-waste-to-energy <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). EPA. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#agriculture <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Funding on-farm ANAROBIC digestion - U.S. environmental protection agency. (n.d.). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-12/documents/funding_digestion.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Gewin, V. (2022, December 16). <i>A new study on regenerative grazing complicates climate optimism</i>. Civil Eats. https://civileats.com/2021/01/06/a-new-study-on-regenerative-grazing-complicates-climate-optimism/<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Iea. (n.d.). <i>Global Methane Tracker 2022 – analysis</i>. IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2022 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>PepsiCo-ADM-announce-groundbreaking-agreement-aiming-to-reduce-carbon-intensity-by-supporting-regenerative-agriculture-practices-on-up-to-2-million-acres-of-farmland</i>. ADM. (n.d.-b). https://www.adm.com/en-us/news/news-releases/2022/9/pepsico-adm-announce-groundbreaking-agreement-aiming-to-reduce-carbon-intensity-by-supporting-regenerative-agriculture-practices-on-up-to-2-million-acres-of-farmland/<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Shahbandeh, M. (2023, March 13). <i>U.S. farming: Total land in farms 2022</i>. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/196104/total-area-of-land-in-farms-in-the-us-since-2000/#:~:text=From%202000%20onwards%2C%20the%20total,million%20acres%20as%20of%202022<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Spears, S. (2018, October 15). <i>What is no-till farming?</i>. Regeneration International. https://regenerationinternational.org/2018/06/24/no-till-farming/ <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The United States Government. (2023, April 19). <i>National Climate Task Force</i>. The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/climate/#:~:text=Reducing%20U.S.%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions,zero%20emissions%20economy%20by%202050<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>W</i><i style="text-indent: -28.35pt;">ays to reduce methane production in cattle</i><span style="text-indent: -28.35pt;">. UNL Beef. (n.d.). https://beef.unl.edu/reduce-methane-production-cattle </span></span></p></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-9401753884917774662023-07-20T09:00:00.000-05:002023-07-20T15:24:12.802-05:00ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION IN POST-CONFLICT AREAS CASE STUDY: UKRAINE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMVWwvCqCWgMNgD7Acs008iJMySEM9ID9pmVJkcMR-iI0pXtTglsGgmh2jewytUwLwo_cY1X2YunRaM0yXMt03O4C8q3fNrEKYlpXhZc3RI2rc0aYrAAUKITOmRp2wsU4ghaYGmY1-DQV34udMH-IxZp_Hxb2fLytJ5x5BztAiiiMZmdfmMMb8RvF1DjQ/s385/Balakin.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="385" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMVWwvCqCWgMNgD7Acs008iJMySEM9ID9pmVJkcMR-iI0pXtTglsGgmh2jewytUwLwo_cY1X2YunRaM0yXMt03O4C8q3fNrEKYlpXhZc3RI2rc0aYrAAUKITOmRp2wsU4ghaYGmY1-DQV34udMH-IxZp_Hxb2fLytJ5x5BztAiiiMZmdfmMMb8RvF1DjQ/s320/Balakin.png" width="320" /></a></div><i>by Artur Balakin (Ukraine)</i><br /><br /><b>Abstract</b><br /><br />In recent decades, ecology, environmental protection, and sustainable economy have been gaining more and more publicity. The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere have increased catastrophically over the past 50 years, mainly due to anthropogenic factors. Among the main sources of emissions were the burning of coal, oil, gas and wood for energy, industry, transport, and other activities that are accompanied by CO2 emissions. War, too, has played a significant role. Colossal water and air pollution, destruction of natural habitats (forests, natural areas, nature reserves) as a result of bombings, artillery strikes, land mining, and other types of military activity, impact human health and well-being, displacement of populations and incredible pollution. The entire civilized world is struggling with the listed factors, but it is important to understand that in the territories where military conflicts are taking place, the consequences for the ecology are even more dire. In the 21st century, we have already experienced more than 20 military conflicts, the largest of which were: War in Iraq (2003-2011), War in Afghanistan (2001-2021), Russo-Georgian War (2008), War in Mali (2012), Armed conflict in Yemen (2014-2015), Russia's intervention in Syria (since 2015), Russian-Ukrainian war (since 2014). Is there a clear mechanism for ecological recovery after the war? Having researched this topic, I am unfortunately forced to state that it is not. Practice shows that countries first develop economic recovery plans. There has been some focus on ecological restoration, too, but they are outdated, for example those of the post- World War II era in Japan, West Germany, Austria, and Israel. <br /><br /><b>Conflict area ecological disaster case study: Ukrainian Donbas region</b><br /><br />It is possible to restore the ecological balance in territories destroyed as a result of hostilities. Let's look at the example of the Donbas region in the east of Ukraine, where the war has been going on since 2014. According to the latest available official data, the population of Donbas before the occupation shows that on January 1, 2014, about 6.5 million people lived in the territory of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, which was about 14.5% of the population. At the end of 2013, production in these regions provided about 15% of Ukraine's GDP, which was almost 30 billion US dollars. The Donbas region has always been characterized by a powerful industrial sector. Coal mining, steel production, agriculture, mechanical engineering, and ferrous metallurgy have been significant. There were more than 1,200 enterprises in the Donetsk region alone. <br /><br />According to World Bank estimates, the total damage and losses in Donetsk and Luhansk regions for 2022-2023 is 223.3 US$ billion. These regions suffered not only one of the largest economic, but also the largest environmental losses. Bombing and shelling release large amounts of dust and particulate matter into the air, military activities often require the use of fossil fuels, such as diesel and gasoline, which can release large amounts of greenhouse gases (GHG) and other pollutants into the air. Bombing and shelling are destroying farmlands, irrigation systems and other agricultural infrastructure, making it difficult or impossible to grow crops. Large-scale displacement of farmers, disruption of water supply and treatment systems, are making it difficult for people to access clean water - these are just some of the ecological consequences If we want to achieve the Paris Agreement 2030 goals and carbon neutrality by 2050, then with the public efforts of all advanced countries it is possible to develop a clear mechanism for the post-war ecological recovery of the affected region. The Ukrainian Donbas serves as a test for other post-conflict areas.<br /><br /><b>Developing a clear mechanism for post-war ecological recovery </b><br /><br />The mechanism of ecological reconstruction should consist of the following sectors/stages and be supported significantly by the World Bank, IMF, ERBD, and via reparations.<br /><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><b>● Industry and Housing</b></blockquote><br />In the case of the Donbas, many residential areas have been completely destroyed. There is a possibility of complete re-planning, which will make it possible to achieve higher environmental sustainability. Long-term practice shows that residential areas were built near mineral deposits, and the Donbas region is very rich in them - granite, chalk, gas, coal, and others. Therefore, it will be necessary to reassess the remaining minerals when planning construction, in cooperation with foreign partners, to plan the construction of plants and factories using modern technologies, with the installation of all the necessary cleaning filters and other environmental standards (waste discharge, electric power carriers that will power production). <br /><br />Many people will come/return to rebuild the region and to new jobs, so planning the infrastructure of settlements will be the most important part of the post-war recovery. When planning, it is necessary to adhere to the concept of a “green city” - the use of eco-friendly materials in the construction of apartment buildings, a developed infrastructure for processing and disposal of waste, the creation of all conditions for the energy efficiency of public transport, urban areas, parks, the laying of state-of-the-art water pipes, and focusing on the exploitation of renewable energy sources. It will be important to strengthen the development of city/intercity transport systems, create conditions for cyclists and popularize this type of transport among the population. It also will be necessary to invest in the electrification of urban transport.<br /><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><b>● Transport</b></blockquote><br />In the transport sector, special quota conditions should be created for the purchase of electric vehicles and encourage the population to use them through 0% corporate taxes on the production of electric vehicles and 0% interest lending for this type of transport. At the same time, it will be necessary to invest in the development of the infrastructure for electric cars (charging stations, maintenance services, free parking spaces) and monitor the origin of the electricity that will power electric cars (there should be full concentration on the growth of renewable energy sources).<br /><br /><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><b>● Energy</b></blockquote><br />The restoration and improvement of the energy sector has the largest potential for reducing GHG emissions. There should be a national strategy to maximize the expected results. The Donbas region is located near the Sea of Azov, in the steppe zone of Ukraine, which makes it suitable for placing a large number of solar farms and wind farms along the coast. This region is world-famous for its coal deposits, but mining this mineral and using it to produce energy at thermal power plants (seven in this region) is very environmentally unfriendly. A viable alternative is hydroelectric power plants.<br /><br />Reconstruction of the Donbas region will cost between 280-420 billion US dollars. Ukraine will be able to receive this amount thanks to Russian reparations, from international partners and international organizations (World Bank, IMF, ERDB), the transfer of frozen financial assets of Russia to Ukraine, and collection of money through donor events. The global community must understand that it is better to increase budgets to promote peace, which will become more important and effective in protecting the environment and promoting sustainability, than to bear the financial consequences of wars.<br /><br />All these measures are not only real and feasible. They also will have a huge impact on Ukraine's ability to achieve its Paris Agreement goals for 2030 and 2050. Ending the Russian-Ukrainian war as quickly as possible is a prerequisite for success. Success in the Donbas region can establish best practices for similar achievements in other post-conflict areas with beneficial consequences globally. <p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 9.75pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="UK"><o:p></o:p></span></p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
<!--
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:UK;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-ansi-language:UK;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
line-height:150%;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:304162489;
mso-list-template-ids:-1589893546;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:●;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l0:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:○;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l0:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:■;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l0:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:●;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l0:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:○;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l0:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:■;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l0:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:●;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l0:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:○;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l0:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:■;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l1
{mso-list-id:345714730;
mso-list-template-ids:-793595564;}
@list l1:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:●;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l1:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:○;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l1:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:■;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l1:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:●;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l1:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:○;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l1:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:■;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l1:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:●;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l1:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:○;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l1:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:■;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l2
{mso-list-id:1730885737;
mso-list-template-ids:-1936034586;}
@list l2:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:●;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l2:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:○;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l2:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:■;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l2:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:●;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l2:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:○;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l2:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:■;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l2:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:●;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l2:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:○;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
@list l2:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:■;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;}
-->
</style><b>Work consulted:</b><br /><br />Bennett, V.(2023). “EBRD on track to deliver €3 billion to Ukraine in 2022-23”, EBRD, January 2023 <br /><br />Conflict and Environment Observatory(2022). “The war in Tigray is undermining its environmental recovery”<br /><br />Fetting, C. (2020). “The European Green Deal”, ESDN Report, December 2020, ESDN Office, Vienna <br /><br />Prokaza, D. (2019). “Losses of Donbas: how much the occupation of the region cost the economy”, Hromadske, April 2019, Kyiv (2022). “Wind energy in Ukraine and the world”, Hmarochos, January 2022, Kyiv <br /><br />State Statistics Service of Ukraine, (2014). “Population as of January 1, 2014”, Kyiv Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779893244186882760.post-69902125139390877602023-07-20T07:00:00.006-05:002023-07-20T15:30:30.163-05:00THE ROAD TO 50% EMISSION REDUCTIONS: U.S. ELECTRIC VEHICLE INFRASTRUCTURE<p><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-SRmdc99UeSK5MGzaZ0RO5g310nFdjzyAZ1df6wvDtXnpGlK1rAN5ewjfSRu-BAUTEWmB0bNlxjq4tt6aA0s29xMUBZm12NsK4aDgFHyoWCeDXBYkdIgBSedjbHKY3DLSdeQI4ER77OqzYDiyJHSzUsSMwATQEsGoFP2eW1gUAQnDKMe-VGDuukzAihk/s622/Ahern.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="622" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-SRmdc99UeSK5MGzaZ0RO5g310nFdjzyAZ1df6wvDtXnpGlK1rAN5ewjfSRu-BAUTEWmB0bNlxjq4tt6aA0s29xMUBZm12NsK4aDgFHyoWCeDXBYkdIgBSedjbHKY3DLSdeQI4ER77OqzYDiyJHSzUsSMwATQEsGoFP2eW1gUAQnDKMe-VGDuukzAihk/s320/Ahern.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>by Will Ahern (United States)</i></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>The United States is the nation with the second most greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the world and transportation is the largest emitting sector. About 60% of these emissions come from cars. This makes the implementation of electric vehicles imperative to combat climate change. Although the recent increase in the electric vehicle (EV) rollout is positive, there is a major lack of electric vehicle battery chargers. To keep up with the deployment of EVs, I make several proposals here. The first is an increase in charger accessibility, which centers around creating more public charging stations at federal and state levels. The second proposal considers the optimization for car users. It focuses on the charging location, time, and cost. The third proposal covers government action, focusing on credits and rebates for EV users and car charger homeowners. I also consider EU and United States EV charging infrastructure in search of best practices. The proposals intend to encourage citizens to purchase EVs and EV chargers to lower United States GHG emissions.<br /><br /><b> Infrastructure Necessity</b><br /><br />Excessive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions cause the Earth to warm unnaturally, which creates natural disasters, ruins ecosystems, and eventually could make the Earth uninhabitable. Many nations have reacted with the goal to reduce GHG emissions by 50% or more by 2030. As the second highest GHG emitter, the United States is in dire need of change. Its largest emitting sector is transportation, and there 60% of the emissions come from automobiles. The transition to electric vehicles is crucial to reduce US emissions by 50%. With the large recent influx of electric vehicles, there is a shortage of chargers. This policy statement proposes improvements to the current electric vehicle infrastructure; increasing charger accessibility with a focus on creating more public charging stations, reducing the time and cost per charge, plus introducing credits and rebates to accelerate charger deployment. To reach the 50% emissions reduction by 2030, the US must implement these proposals quickly.<br /><br /><b>Charger Accessibility<br /></b><br />The EV charger number has not kept up with EV deployment. The US ratio of EVs to chargers is 18:1 (Armstrong, 2021). This poses a large problem because EVs typically take about 12 hours for a full charge with the standard charger. Another issue is the existence of proprietary chargers. For example, Tesla chargers are only compatible with Tesla vehicles. Fortunately, the US has taken action to improve the EV infrastructure. The 2021 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) includes $7.5 billion in investment to EV charging infrastructure- $5 billion is allocated to the states and $2.5 billion is allocated to disadvantaged areas (White House, 2021). These areas include both rural and minority areas; rural areas have a disproportionate distance between EV chargers and minority areas have fewer chargers than their white counterparts. All states have been successful in getting their plans approved by the US Department of Transportation. Since states have freedom with the given funds, the policy proposals focus on what action each state should take. I propose that in 2024 states begin mandating that 5% of all spots in parking lots have EV chargers, with a 5% increase each subsequent year. This number is initially low because it will be difficult to fit all existing lots with this number of chargers. I suggest that locations such as apartments and commercial areas be prioritized. It is often difficult for younger and single individuals to have their own EV chargers due to housing limitations. Next, locations such as hotels, restaurants, sporting event venues, and other areas where cars are idle for long periods should be targeted. I also propose all public EV charging stations have appropriate adapters to ensure universal access for all EV owners. Additionally, the municipal requirements for charging permits must be loosened to accelerate public EV charger installation. There often is a long approval time, and this needs to become more efficient. Lastly, municipalities need to provide chargers for handicapped vehicles and evaluate their own city demographics to ensure all demographics have ample access to EV chargers. <br /><b><br />User Optimization</b><br /><br />In addition to accessibility encouraging EV deployment, optimization of user experience will increase EV usage. User optimization includes two main aspects of EV charging: timing, and pricing. <br /><br />There currently are three types of EV chargers, level one, two, and three. Level one chargers are plugged into a normal outlet and can take up to 20 hours for a full charge. Level two chargers are typically homeowner chargers, they take approximately12 hours for a full charge. Level 3 chargers can charge a car fully in as low as 20 minutes, but if overused can damage the car battery. This makes them ideal for long travels or other less-frequent uses (Wadhwani, 2023). I propose that all public and domestic charger installations in the United States be level 2, with exceptions for interstate level 3 charging stations. This will ensure EV owners a reliable charging time and will make them more comfortable when using their vehicles for commutes and for those who do not own their own charger. Additionally, I propose an increase in public investment in battery durability. By developing stronger batteries that have a longer range and a decreased susceptibility to level 3 chargers, we can offer EV buyers greater convenience. <br /><br />There currently is a lack of a universal pricing system. According to Matt Ryan Weber of Investopedia, “Pricing at commercial chargers is often not directly comparable because there are different pricing systems…This produces charging costs that vary considerably…” (2022). Additionally, many believe that EVs are more expensive to own than electric vehicles. While they are more expensive to purchase, they can save owners as much as $1,000 per year with lower fuel costs. Their lower maintenance cost is another benefit. I propose that the U.S. Department of Transportation work with the leading EV charging companies to develop a universal method of charging vehicles. The U.S. Department of Transportation also must develop infomercials to educate the U.S. population on owning an electric vehicle. By giving citizens a reliable charging time combined with educating them on the financial benefits of owning an electric vehicle, we can further accelerate the integration of EVs into US transportation.<br /><b><br />Government Stimulation</b><br /><br />Financial encouragement can be achieved with government incentives to purchase EVs and installation of home chargers. The current government incentives for buyers exist as a $7,500 tax credit per vehicle. The Inflation Reduction Act, passed in 2022, revised a $7,500 tax credit for purchasers of American-made EVs below a specified price. To help the domestic economy, the credit does not apply to foreign made vehicles. There also is a price cap on the more expensive vehicles (Liberto, 2022). I propose that the United States allows a $3,500 credit for foreign vehicles until 2026. Given the urgency of the climate situation, I believe it is necessary to prioritize the mass distribution of EVs rather than focusing on the domestic economy. However, the 2026 limit and the lower credit still prevents the U.S. from becoming dependent on foreign countries. Secondly, I propose that the credit’s price limitation be removed. The credit is fixed regardless of vehicle price, thus making the vehicle price irrelevant to the credit. Government incentives for home installation of EV chargers are important, too. There is currently a 30% credit up to $1,000 for home installation (Campisi, 2023).<a href="applewebdata://02DA79C9-221C-4822-9420-11BD8B17CD6C#_msocom_1">[1]</a> It covers about half the cost in most scenarios. However, some houses require new electric panels in their garages, making installation costs climb to around $4,000. This makes installation very difficult for younger people who are not yet able to afford these higher costs, even when they are financially beneficial in the long run. <br /><br />For housing installation, I have three proposals. First, states must mandate all new houses to be fitted with electric paneling. They are much cheaper to install when building the house rather than re-fitting a garage to make space for a panel. States like Illinois are already in the process of passing such mandates. Next, states must offer a $500 minimum credit for EV charger installations for homeowners of certain incomes. Lastly, there should be more infomercials or newspaper ads about these credits to make the citizens aware of the potential benefits. All these proposals work to incentivize and facilitate ownership of EVs in homes and for those living in apartments or single housing.<br /><br /><b>Moving Forward</b><br /><br />A focus on charger accessibility, user optimization, and government support for EVs can have a large effect on the U.S. 50% carbon emission reduction goal for 2030. The White House aims to have 50% of car sales be electric by 2030. This requires stronger EV infrastructure. Charger accessibility will allow users to be more comfortable in using EVs, especially when traveling. User optimization centers around making EV car owners’ lives more efficient by streamlining charging timing and cost. Government support of EV’s allows incentivizing EV purchases through credits for EVs and home chargers. Since the US high emissions are chiefly from the transportation sector, a focus on electric vehicles will greatly reduce its emissions. At the same time, it is important to adopt a holistic approach to climate change. There needs to be a universal movement to make electric vehicles more mainstream. Currently, the United States is working on free trade deals in the electric vehicle industry to accelerate production from both continents. This would be a large step towards lowering the price for all EV production (Tax Notes Staff, 2023). The European Union, especially France and Germany, has focused on increasing the number of publicly available EV chargers while also devoting much investment in the industry. This mutual effort signifies the global realization that change must be made. Just as countries are making efforts, individuals must too. If it is in our financial power, we must all consider buying electric vehicles. Not only will they save us up to $1,000 each year, they also greatly reduce our emissions. As time passes, these vehicles will become cheaper and more efficient. Electric vehicles will be the future of sustainable transportation. The time for global action is now.<div><b><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Works Cited</span></span></b></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Armstrong, Martin, and Felix Richter. “Infographic: Electric Cars but No Chargers?” <i>Statista <o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Infographics</i>, 15 Dec. 2021, <a href="http://www.statista.com/chart/26325/ratio-electric-vehicles-to-public-charging-points/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">www.statista.com/chart/26325/ratio-electric-vehicles-to-public-charging-points/</span></a>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Campisi, Natalie. “</span><span style="color: #333333; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The EV Charger Tax Credit Gets A 10-Year Extension—And A Few Upgrades.” </span></span><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Forbes, </span><span style="color: #333333; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18 Jan. 2023. </span><a href="https://www.forbes.com/advisor/personal-finance/ev-charger-tax-credit " target="_blank"><span style="color: #333333; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.forbes.com/advisor/personal-finance/ev-charger-tax-credit</span> </a></span></div></blockquote><div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">“Fact Sheet: The Biden-Harris Electric Vehicle Charging Action Plan.” <i>The White House</i>, 13 Dec. 2021, <a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/12/13/fact-sheet-the-biden-harris-electric-vehicle-charging-action-plan/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/12/13/fact-sheet-the-biden-harris-electric-vehicle-charging-action-plan/</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">IEA. “Trends in Charging Infrastructure – Global EV Outlook 2022 – Analysis.” <i>IEA</i>, 2022, <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2022/trends-in-charging-infrastructure"><span style="color: #0563c1;">www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2022/trends-in-charging-infrastructure</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Liberto, Daniel. “Electric Vehicle Tax Credits: What You Need to Know.” <i>Investopedia</i>, 24 Jan. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2023, <a href="http://www.investopedia.com/electric-vehicle-tax-credits-6500157#:~:text=The%20EV%20tax%20credit%20is%20a%20federal%20incentive,in%20the%20form%20of%20a%20tax%20credit.%202"><span style="color: #0563c1;">www.investopedia.com/electric-vehicle-tax-credits-6500157#:~:text=The%20EV%20tax%20credit%20is%20a%20federal%20incentive,in%20the%20form%20of%20a%20tax%20credit.%202</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Loveday, Steven. “A Comprehensive Guide to U.S. EV Charging Networks.” <i>U.S. News</i>, 4 Jan. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2023, <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/electric-vehicle-tax-credits-6500157"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Electric Vehicle Tax Credits: What You Need to Know (investopedia.com)</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Saha, Devashree, et al. “8 Ways US States and Cities Can Create an EV Charging Network.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>World Resources Institute</i>, 23 June 2022, <a href="http://www.wri.org/insights/funding-us-ev-charging-infrastructure"><span style="color: #0563c1;">www.wri.org/insights/funding-us-ev-charging-infrastructure</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Staff, Tax Notes. “Emissions Free Trade: EV Tax Credit Sourcing Rules and the EU.” <i>Forbes</i>, 3 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">May 2023, <a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2023/05/02/emissions-free-trade-ev-tax-credit-sourcing-rules-and-the-eu/?sh=257166f84ae4"><span style="color: #0563c1;">www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2023/05/02/emissions-free-trade-ev-tax-credit-sourcing-rules-and-the-eu/?sh=257166f84ae4</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Stone, Madeleine. “Will Charging Electric Cars Ever Be as Fast as Pumping Gas?” <i>Environment</i>, <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">17 Oct. 2021, <a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/will-charging-electric-cars-ever-be-as-fast-as-pumping-gas"><span style="color: #0563c1;">www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/will-charging-electric-cars-ever-be-as-fast-as-pumping-gas</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">U.S. Access Board. <i>Design Recommendations for Accessible Electric Vehicle Charging Stations</i>, <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1 July 2022, <a href="http://www.access-board.gov/tad/ev/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">www.access-board.gov/tad/ev/</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">US EPA. “Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” <i>EPA</i>, <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-%20greenhouse-gas-emissions"><span style="color: #0563c1;">www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources- greenhouse-gas-emissions</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Wadhwani, Paridhi. “Types of EV Chargers [Standard Classification].” <i>IT Blog | Mobile App Development India | Offshore Web Development - Bacancytechnology.Com</i>, 21 Apr. 2023, <a href="http://www.bacancytechnology.com/blog/types-of-ev-chargers#:~:text=On%20a%20general%20classification%2C%20there%20are%20three%20types,level%20of%20charging%20raises%2C%20the%20charging%20speed%20reduces"><span style="color: #0563c1;">www.bacancytechnology.com/blog/types-of-ev-chargers#:~:text=On%20a%20general%20classification%2C%20there%20are%20three%20types,level%20of%20charging%20raises%2C%20the%20charging%20speed%20reduces</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Webber, Matt Ryan. “What Does It Cost to Charge an EV on a Road Trip?” <i>Investopedia</i>, 22 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Nov. 2022, <a href="http://www.investopedia.com/cost-to-charge-ev-road-trip-5219817"><span style="color: #0563c1;">www.investopedia.com/cost-to-charge-ev-road-trip-5219817#:~:text=The%20average%20cost%20of%20charging%20an%20EV%20at,charger%E2%80%94costs%20significantly%20more%20than%20charging%20it%20at%20home</span></a>.</span></p></div></div>Illinois European Union Centerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17840566263183439222noreply@blogger.com0