En Route to Net-Zero: The Model Quality of EU Policies for Sustainable US Regional Rail Transportation
This policy statement evaluates sustainable transportation policies introduced by the European Union (EU) and which could be adopted in the United States. Policies of interest include the Trans-European Transport Network (“TEN-T”), Austria’s Klima Ticket, and fixed prices per kilometer rail travel in the European Union. The United States and European Union are responsible for helping reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 43% by 2030, as prescribed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC-2023 Synthesis Report). As of 2024, the United States emits the second-highest percentage of CO2, according to Worldometer. If the European Union was regarded as one country on this ranking, it would rank third in the world. This policy statement focuses primarily on rail transportation, as transportation is the number one economic sector contributing to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (United States Environmental Protection Agency-EPA). It includes policy suggestions for the United States similar to EU policies, with proposed implementation to take place from 2025 to 2040. To achieve the 2030 Paris Agreement goals, the United States must embrace the EU model qualities in sustainable rail transportation.
EU and U.S. Status Report
According to the EPA, transportation is the number one economic sector contributing to GHG emissions. Regional transportation has become a cultural staple in both the United States and the EU. Since the US and EU are parties to the Paris Agreement–which aims to limit global temperature change to 1.5 degrees Celsius–transportation policy implementation is more important than ever. Despite being a global leader in climate change mitigation efforts in decades past, the United States has fallen behind the EU. It has wavered in its participation in the Paris Agreement, declined the opportunity to join the EU Emissions Trading System, and privatized most railways. The United States must revise current legislation to create more time-specific goals for funding sustainable infrastructure. Its lack of specificity and accountability is causing the U.S.–the second-highest contributor of global CO2 emissions (Worldometer)–to slow global climate change mitigation progress. To abide by the UNFCCC goal of reducing GHG emissions by 43% by 2030, the United States must emulate the EU example of creating specific, realistic, and quantifiable policies related to rail transportation. Given the 2024 US elections, the policy proposals here may be considered an executive and legislative roadmap for the new Administration and Congress. With the UN’s ultimate goal being just over five years away, active global efforts are crucial.
International Programs
Despite their differences in approach, the United States and European Union share some climate change mitigation strategies. The most well-known example is the Paris Agreement. 196 countries are parties to this treaty, which pledges to limit global temperatures to 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2030. It was signed in 2015. US involvement was complicated by its withdrawal from the agreement in 2017. Withdrawing slowed the nation’s climate change mitigation efforts, while the EU continued to abide by the treaty targets. The United States rejoined the treaty in 2021. A similar case involves the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). It consists of 193 member states, including the US and many EU countries. The program currently focuses on assisting its member states work to achieve the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which were established in 2015 and have an achievement deadline of 2030. The United States was a major contributor to this program in the 1990s, but has since fallen behind. For example, in 2022 The Netherlands was contributing 30% more than the United States, despite its economy being 1/20th of the size. Another noteworthy international program is the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Established in 2005, the program focuses on lowering emissions caused by aviation, maritime transport, manufacturing and the energy sector and operates in all EU countries. The ETS encourages carbon pricing, lowers the permitted amount of GHG emissions caused by aircrafts each year, and has brought down emissions in the industry sector by 37% since its start. The United States had the option to join this program in 2013 and refused, according to the New York Times.
Current and Potential U.S. Sustainable Transportation Efforts
Sustainable transportation efforts have been made in the United States, however they look different from their European counterparts. It is crucial to note that most US railways are privately owned; it is up to these corporations to follow through with their sustainability promises. According to the Association of American Railroads, Union Pacific has replaced 3 million wooden rail ties with recyclable materials. Norfolk Southern replaced 32% of its diesel cranes with hybrid or fully electric ones and aims to have all cranes be electric within the next decade. BNSF is exploring methods of clean hydrogen production in the rail transportation sector. One must also note that roughly 40% of long-distance railroads in the United States are for freight rail, not passenger rail, according to the Association of American Railroads. For this reason, this policy proposal will apply to all rail transportation.Electrification is a powerful strategy to reduce GHG emissions in the transportation sector. According to Eurostat, the amount of electrified railways across the EU has increased by 30% since 1990. The United States has the potential for similar progress. In 2021, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) was signed into law, allocating $448 billion for infrastructure improvement projects nationwide. According to the United States Department of Energy, the bill will help expand the country’s electricity grid by providing $11 billion for electric infrastructure.
With an effective strategy in mind, one must also consider how a policy would be effectively structured to guarantee change. The European Union has set an example with their recent agreement on the Trans-European Transport Network, TEN-T.
The Trans-European “TEN-T” Network Legislation
In December 2023, negotiators in the European Union Parliament and the Council of the EU reached an agreement regarding the trans-European transport network, otherwise known as “TEN-T”. This network is made up of hundreds of railways, paved roads, and similar transportation lines across continental Europe. The December 2023 legislation heavily focused on sustainable connectivity within the network, with specific goals designed for specific deadlines.
Sustainable development in the TEN-T network has been prescribed in three phases. The first phase is the development of the core network by 2030. The second phase includes the extended core by 2040; this step is designed to speed up the completion of cross-border railroads and large-scale projects before it is time for the third phase. The third phase is completing the comprehensive network by 2050.
This policy requires all 424 major cities within the TEN-T network to establish a sustainable urban mobility plan (SUMP) by 2027 to promote zero-emission mobility. Per the Council of the European Union, all urban areas in the network must have at least one multimodal freight terminal by 31 December 2040. All the established goals in this TEN-T legislation are interconnected and planned to complement each other. The targets are quantifiable, distributed across a realistic timeline, and respect the worldwide goal of a 1.5 degree Celsius global temperature and reduction in GHG emissions.
Suggestions for the United States
I propose that amendments be made to the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL). Currently, the bill is focused on allocating $448 billion to over 51,000 of infrastructure improvement projects nationwide. Of that sum, $102 billion is dedicated to total rail funding. The BIL includes $66 billion in advance appropriations; this funding is distributed among Amtrak, consolidated safety improvements, restoration and enhancement, intercity passenger rail and railroad crossing elimination. According to The White House, advance appropriations are made to become available at least one year after the respective law has been passed. The United States Federal Railroad Administration indicates that this funding will be spread out through the Financial Year of 2026. Although the Federal Railroad Administration is transparent about the allocation of funds provided by the BIL, the law lacks a clearly-timed implementation strategy. Various U.S. Departments, such as the U.S. Department of Transportation, have vaguely shared that the funding will apply for the next five years. I propose that the BIL’s funding is distributed over a specific, phased timeline that promotes electrification, improved infrastructure, and traveler incentives by 2050. Each of these objectives ought to have a set deadline in that time frame. This will make the completion of these milestones more attainable. These amendments will be applicable to all rail in the United States, including both passenger and freight.
While it is difficult to coordinate implementation across all fifty states, the United States should look to the European Union’s TEN-T framework as an example. This transportation network covers the entire Schengen area and British Isles. If it is possible to create a quantifiable, specific, multi-phase implementation strategy for nearly 30 countries, it is possible to do the same in one country with fifty states. The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law should focus on the United Nations’ 2030 goal of reducing GHG emissions by 43%.
The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) already builds on the BIL by allocating $27 billion to the EPA Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund. However, this money is only available until September 30th, 2024. Similarly, the IRA appropriates $5 billion towards adjusting energy infrastructure to avoid or reduce GHG emissions; this funding lasts until 2026. Neither policy has set goals and are very short-term. I propose that the BIL–being the recent foundational law supporting clean infrastructure–be amended to change this.
The United States must also consider BIL and IRA provisions to incentivize travelers to choose sustainable transportation modes. EU member states, including Austria, provide attractive examples. The Austrian Klima Ticket is a recent development that gives ticket holders all-inclusive access to trains for a full year. Another Austrian development derives from the Austrian Green Party’s support for fixed prices per kilometer of travel between capital cities. For example, a train fare for a trip from Berlin to Vienna ought to be 17 cents per kilometer to control the total price. These Austrian ideas will make more sustainable modes of transport more accessible for the average citizen. I propose U.S. equivalents in a BIL amendment.
The first phase of implementation will fund the electrification of railways and aircrafts, with the aim to electrify 50% by 2030. This estimate is based on the Biden administration’s 2022 pledge to cut the nation’s total GHG emissions by 52% by 2030. The second phase of implementation will expand to include other infrastructure improvements: bridges, waterways, roads, and overall accessibility. The bill is already providing funding for these categories. A deadline of 2040 will guarantee time-efficient progress. The TEN-T legislation requires all urban areas to have at least one multimodal transport terminal by 2040; the United States will aim for the same in major cities. The third phase would involve comprehensive sustainability and infrastructure improvements with a deadline of 2050.
The Incoming Administration
As 2030 draws closer, it is crucial for global superpowers to implement policies for effective climate change mitigation. While the European Union and its participating countries have their flaws, they have set examples that the United States must emulate. Overconsumption is a major contributor to climate change. Transportation is the major contributor to global GHG emissions. The overconsumption of travel creates a dismal future for our planet, if not addressed properly. The EU and the US must recognize their power and responsibility to help mitigate global GHG emissions with the 1.5 degree Celsius goal in mind. What the EU and US will accomplish is already being done elsewhere in China and Japan–two other top-five GHG global contributors–which proves that it is possible. Specificity, strategy, and quantifiable tactics will help make the net-zero emissions goal of 2050 increasingly realistic.
Sources
The Association of American Railroads (AAR). “Freight Rail and Climate Change - AAR.” Association of American Railroads, 20 Mar. 2024,
www.aar.org/issue/freight-rail-climate-change.
The Association of American Railroads (AAR). “Freight Rail Data Center - AAR.” Association of American Railroads, 25 Mar. 2024,
www.aar.org/data-center/#:~:text=Overall%3A%20Freight%20railroads%20accou nt%20for,any%20other%20mode%20of%20transportation. The Association of Bipartisan Infrastructure Law - FHWA | Federal Highway Administration. www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law.
“Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Information From FRA.” FRA, railroads.dot.gov/BIL.
“Climate Ticket.” oesterreich.gv.at - Österreichs Digitales Amt, www.oesterreich.gv.at/en/themen/mobilitaet/klimaticket.html.
CO2 Emissions - Worldometer. www.worldometers.info/co2-emissions.
Council of the European Union. “Trans-European transport network (TEN-T): Council and Parliament strike a deal to ensure sustainable connectivity in Europe.” Council of the EU, 18 Dec. 2023,
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/12/18/trans-europ ean-transport-network-ten-t-council-and-parliament-strike-a-deal-to-ensure-sustai nable-connectivity-in-europe/
Haque, Mustafa. “Improved Rail Is Key to a Sustainable Future.” CNU, 5 Dec. 2023, www.cnu.org/publicsquare/2023/12/04/improved-rail-key-sustainable-future. “DOE Fact Sheet: The Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal Will Deliver for American Workers, Families and Usher in the Clean Energy Future.” Energy.gov, www.energy.gov/articles/doe-fact-sheet-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal-will-deliver american-workers-families-and-0.
European Commission. “What Is the EU ETS?” Climate Action, climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets/what-eu-ets_ en.
Popedadmin. “How Do Perspectives in Environmental Science in Europe Compare to the U.S. - Population Education.” Population Education, 30 June 2022, populationeducation.org/how-do-perspectives-in-environmental-science-in-europ e-compare-to-the-u-s/?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block.
Rosenthal, Elisabeth. “Your Biggest Carbon Sin May Be Air Travel.” The New York Times, 26 Jan. 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/sunday-review/the-biggest-carbon-sin-air-travel.html?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block
Stapelberg, Johanna. “Building a More Sustainable and Resilient trans-European
Transport Network (TEN-T).” ERTICO Newsroom, 10 Jan. 2024,
erticonetwork.com/building-a-more-sustainable-and-resilient-trans-european-tran sport-network-ten-t/#:~:text=All%20430%20major%20cities%20along,modes%20 efficiently%2C%20viably%20and%20sustainably.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “2023 NDC Synthesis Report.” United Nations Climate Change, 14 Nov. 2023, https://unfccc.int/ndc-synthesis-report-2023
The White House. “Guidebook to the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law | Build.gov | the White House.” The White House, 6 Feb. 2024,
www.whitehouse.gov/build/guidebook/#:~:text=The%20Bipartisan%20Infrastructu re%20Law%20makes,%2C%20energy%2C%20and%20the%20environment.
EU and U.S. Status Report
According to the EPA, transportation is the number one economic sector contributing to GHG emissions. Regional transportation has become a cultural staple in both the United States and the EU. Since the US and EU are parties to the Paris Agreement–which aims to limit global temperature change to 1.5 degrees Celsius–transportation policy implementation is more important than ever. Despite being a global leader in climate change mitigation efforts in decades past, the United States has fallen behind the EU. It has wavered in its participation in the Paris Agreement, declined the opportunity to join the EU Emissions Trading System, and privatized most railways. The United States must revise current legislation to create more time-specific goals for funding sustainable infrastructure. Its lack of specificity and accountability is causing the U.S.–the second-highest contributor of global CO2 emissions (Worldometer)–to slow global climate change mitigation progress. To abide by the UNFCCC goal of reducing GHG emissions by 43% by 2030, the United States must emulate the EU example of creating specific, realistic, and quantifiable policies related to rail transportation. Given the 2024 US elections, the policy proposals here may be considered an executive and legislative roadmap for the new Administration and Congress. With the UN’s ultimate goal being just over five years away, active global efforts are crucial.
International Programs
Despite their differences in approach, the United States and European Union share some climate change mitigation strategies. The most well-known example is the Paris Agreement. 196 countries are parties to this treaty, which pledges to limit global temperatures to 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2030. It was signed in 2015. US involvement was complicated by its withdrawal from the agreement in 2017. Withdrawing slowed the nation’s climate change mitigation efforts, while the EU continued to abide by the treaty targets. The United States rejoined the treaty in 2021. A similar case involves the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). It consists of 193 member states, including the US and many EU countries. The program currently focuses on assisting its member states work to achieve the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which were established in 2015 and have an achievement deadline of 2030. The United States was a major contributor to this program in the 1990s, but has since fallen behind. For example, in 2022 The Netherlands was contributing 30% more than the United States, despite its economy being 1/20th of the size. Another noteworthy international program is the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Established in 2005, the program focuses on lowering emissions caused by aviation, maritime transport, manufacturing and the energy sector and operates in all EU countries. The ETS encourages carbon pricing, lowers the permitted amount of GHG emissions caused by aircrafts each year, and has brought down emissions in the industry sector by 37% since its start. The United States had the option to join this program in 2013 and refused, according to the New York Times.
Current and Potential U.S. Sustainable Transportation Efforts
Sustainable transportation efforts have been made in the United States, however they look different from their European counterparts. It is crucial to note that most US railways are privately owned; it is up to these corporations to follow through with their sustainability promises. According to the Association of American Railroads, Union Pacific has replaced 3 million wooden rail ties with recyclable materials. Norfolk Southern replaced 32% of its diesel cranes with hybrid or fully electric ones and aims to have all cranes be electric within the next decade. BNSF is exploring methods of clean hydrogen production in the rail transportation sector. One must also note that roughly 40% of long-distance railroads in the United States are for freight rail, not passenger rail, according to the Association of American Railroads. For this reason, this policy proposal will apply to all rail transportation.Electrification is a powerful strategy to reduce GHG emissions in the transportation sector. According to Eurostat, the amount of electrified railways across the EU has increased by 30% since 1990. The United States has the potential for similar progress. In 2021, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) was signed into law, allocating $448 billion for infrastructure improvement projects nationwide. According to the United States Department of Energy, the bill will help expand the country’s electricity grid by providing $11 billion for electric infrastructure.
With an effective strategy in mind, one must also consider how a policy would be effectively structured to guarantee change. The European Union has set an example with their recent agreement on the Trans-European Transport Network, TEN-T.
The Trans-European “TEN-T” Network Legislation
In December 2023, negotiators in the European Union Parliament and the Council of the EU reached an agreement regarding the trans-European transport network, otherwise known as “TEN-T”. This network is made up of hundreds of railways, paved roads, and similar transportation lines across continental Europe. The December 2023 legislation heavily focused on sustainable connectivity within the network, with specific goals designed for specific deadlines.
Sustainable development in the TEN-T network has been prescribed in three phases. The first phase is the development of the core network by 2030. The second phase includes the extended core by 2040; this step is designed to speed up the completion of cross-border railroads and large-scale projects before it is time for the third phase. The third phase is completing the comprehensive network by 2050.
This policy requires all 424 major cities within the TEN-T network to establish a sustainable urban mobility plan (SUMP) by 2027 to promote zero-emission mobility. Per the Council of the European Union, all urban areas in the network must have at least one multimodal freight terminal by 31 December 2040. All the established goals in this TEN-T legislation are interconnected and planned to complement each other. The targets are quantifiable, distributed across a realistic timeline, and respect the worldwide goal of a 1.5 degree Celsius global temperature and reduction in GHG emissions.
Suggestions for the United States
I propose that amendments be made to the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL). Currently, the bill is focused on allocating $448 billion to over 51,000 of infrastructure improvement projects nationwide. Of that sum, $102 billion is dedicated to total rail funding. The BIL includes $66 billion in advance appropriations; this funding is distributed among Amtrak, consolidated safety improvements, restoration and enhancement, intercity passenger rail and railroad crossing elimination. According to The White House, advance appropriations are made to become available at least one year after the respective law has been passed. The United States Federal Railroad Administration indicates that this funding will be spread out through the Financial Year of 2026. Although the Federal Railroad Administration is transparent about the allocation of funds provided by the BIL, the law lacks a clearly-timed implementation strategy. Various U.S. Departments, such as the U.S. Department of Transportation, have vaguely shared that the funding will apply for the next five years. I propose that the BIL’s funding is distributed over a specific, phased timeline that promotes electrification, improved infrastructure, and traveler incentives by 2050. Each of these objectives ought to have a set deadline in that time frame. This will make the completion of these milestones more attainable. These amendments will be applicable to all rail in the United States, including both passenger and freight.
While it is difficult to coordinate implementation across all fifty states, the United States should look to the European Union’s TEN-T framework as an example. This transportation network covers the entire Schengen area and British Isles. If it is possible to create a quantifiable, specific, multi-phase implementation strategy for nearly 30 countries, it is possible to do the same in one country with fifty states. The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law should focus on the United Nations’ 2030 goal of reducing GHG emissions by 43%.
The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) already builds on the BIL by allocating $27 billion to the EPA Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund. However, this money is only available until September 30th, 2024. Similarly, the IRA appropriates $5 billion towards adjusting energy infrastructure to avoid or reduce GHG emissions; this funding lasts until 2026. Neither policy has set goals and are very short-term. I propose that the BIL–being the recent foundational law supporting clean infrastructure–be amended to change this.
The United States must also consider BIL and IRA provisions to incentivize travelers to choose sustainable transportation modes. EU member states, including Austria, provide attractive examples. The Austrian Klima Ticket is a recent development that gives ticket holders all-inclusive access to trains for a full year. Another Austrian development derives from the Austrian Green Party’s support for fixed prices per kilometer of travel between capital cities. For example, a train fare for a trip from Berlin to Vienna ought to be 17 cents per kilometer to control the total price. These Austrian ideas will make more sustainable modes of transport more accessible for the average citizen. I propose U.S. equivalents in a BIL amendment.
The first phase of implementation will fund the electrification of railways and aircrafts, with the aim to electrify 50% by 2030. This estimate is based on the Biden administration’s 2022 pledge to cut the nation’s total GHG emissions by 52% by 2030. The second phase of implementation will expand to include other infrastructure improvements: bridges, waterways, roads, and overall accessibility. The bill is already providing funding for these categories. A deadline of 2040 will guarantee time-efficient progress. The TEN-T legislation requires all urban areas to have at least one multimodal transport terminal by 2040; the United States will aim for the same in major cities. The third phase would involve comprehensive sustainability and infrastructure improvements with a deadline of 2050.
The Incoming Administration
As 2030 draws closer, it is crucial for global superpowers to implement policies for effective climate change mitigation. While the European Union and its participating countries have their flaws, they have set examples that the United States must emulate. Overconsumption is a major contributor to climate change. Transportation is the major contributor to global GHG emissions. The overconsumption of travel creates a dismal future for our planet, if not addressed properly. The EU and the US must recognize their power and responsibility to help mitigate global GHG emissions with the 1.5 degree Celsius goal in mind. What the EU and US will accomplish is already being done elsewhere in China and Japan–two other top-five GHG global contributors–which proves that it is possible. Specificity, strategy, and quantifiable tactics will help make the net-zero emissions goal of 2050 increasingly realistic.
Sources
The Association of American Railroads (AAR). “Freight Rail and Climate Change - AAR.” Association of American Railroads, 20 Mar. 2024,
www.aar.org/issue/freight-rail-climate-change.
The Association of American Railroads (AAR). “Freight Rail Data Center - AAR.” Association of American Railroads, 25 Mar. 2024,
www.aar.org/data-center/#:~:text=Overall%3A%20Freight%20railroads%20accou nt%20for,any%20other%20mode%20of%20transportation. The Association of Bipartisan Infrastructure Law - FHWA | Federal Highway Administration. www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law.
“Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Information From FRA.” FRA, railroads.dot.gov/BIL.
“Climate Ticket.” oesterreich.gv.at - Österreichs Digitales Amt, www.oesterreich.gv.at/en/themen/mobilitaet/klimaticket.html.
CO2 Emissions - Worldometer. www.worldometers.info/co2-emissions.
Council of the European Union. “Trans-European transport network (TEN-T): Council and Parliament strike a deal to ensure sustainable connectivity in Europe.” Council of the EU, 18 Dec. 2023,
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/12/18/trans-europ ean-transport-network-ten-t-council-and-parliament-strike-a-deal-to-ensure-sustai nable-connectivity-in-europe/
Haque, Mustafa. “Improved Rail Is Key to a Sustainable Future.” CNU, 5 Dec. 2023, www.cnu.org/publicsquare/2023/12/04/improved-rail-key-sustainable-future. “DOE Fact Sheet: The Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal Will Deliver for American Workers, Families and Usher in the Clean Energy Future.” Energy.gov, www.energy.gov/articles/doe-fact-sheet-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal-will-deliver american-workers-families-and-0.
European Commission. “What Is the EU ETS?” Climate Action, climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets/what-eu-ets_ en.
Popedadmin. “How Do Perspectives in Environmental Science in Europe Compare to the U.S. - Population Education.” Population Education, 30 June 2022, populationeducation.org/how-do-perspectives-in-environmental-science-in-europ e-compare-to-the-u-s/?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block.
Rosenthal, Elisabeth. “Your Biggest Carbon Sin May Be Air Travel.” The New York Times, 26 Jan. 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/sunday-review/the-biggest-carbon-sin-air-travel.html?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block
Stapelberg, Johanna. “Building a More Sustainable and Resilient trans-European
Transport Network (TEN-T).” ERTICO Newsroom, 10 Jan. 2024,
erticonetwork.com/building-a-more-sustainable-and-resilient-trans-european-tran sport-network-ten-t/#:~:text=All%20430%20major%20cities%20along,modes%20 efficiently%2C%20viably%20and%20sustainably.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “2023 NDC Synthesis Report.” United Nations Climate Change, 14 Nov. 2023, https://unfccc.int/ndc-synthesis-report-2023
The White House. “Guidebook to the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law | Build.gov | the White House.” The White House, 6 Feb. 2024,
www.whitehouse.gov/build/guidebook/#:~:text=The%20Bipartisan%20Infrastructu re%20Law%20makes,%2C%20energy%2C%20and%20the%20environment.
Comments
Post a Comment